File #2865: "2020_Book_PhilosophicalFoundationOfHuman.pdf"
Testo
1|Preface|6
1|Contents|8
1|Abbreviations and Sources of Codifications|13
1|List of Figures|16
1|1: Introduction|18
2|1.1 The Aims of the Lecture|21
2|1.2 The Concept of Human Rights|22
2|1.3 The Concept of Philosophy|31
2|1.4 The Reasons in Favor of a Philosophical Analysis and Foundation of Human Rights|35
2|Reading Recommendations|37
3|Case Law|38
1|2: Utilitarian and Aristotelian Approach|39
2|2.1 The Utilitarian Approach|42
2|2.2 The Aristotelian Approach|47
2|2.3 Requirements for an Adequate Theory of Foundation|56
2|Reading Recommendations|57
1|3: The Social Contract Approach|59
2|3.1 The Theory of Social Contract|62
2|3.2 Thomas Hobbes|63
2|3.3 John Locke|66
2|3.4 Jean-Jacques Rousseau|70
2|3.5 John Rawls|73
2|3.6 Why Social Contract Theories Cannot Serve as a Foundation for Human Rights|76
2|3.7 A New Approach After World War II|78
2|Reading Recommendations|79
3|Case Law|79
1|4: The Human Dignity Approach|80
2|4.1 Human Dignity in International Law|83
2|4.2 The History of the Notion “Human Dignity”|86
2|Reading Recommendations|92
3|Case Law|93
1|5: The Human Dignity Principle I|94
2|5.1 Dignity as a Value Judgment|98
2|5.2 Dignity as a Specific Category of Value|102
2|5.3 Personhood as the Value Standard of Dignity|104
2|5.4 “Me-Dignity” and General Human Dignity|108
2|5.5 The Risk of Empirical Error|111
2|Reading Recommendations|112
1|6: The Human Dignity Principle II|114
2|6.1 The Equiprimordiality Thesis|117
2|6.2 Dependence on Passive Recognition of Personhood|118
2|6.3 Dependence on Active Recognition of Personhood|123
2|6.4 Verification or Failing of Falsification?|128
2|6.5 The Generality of the Equiprimordiality Thesis|129
2|6.6 Human Dignity in Cases of Doubt|131
2|Reading Recommendations|134
1|7: From Human Dignity to Human Rights|135
2|7.1 What Is a Right?|138
2|7.2 What Is Meant by Having a Right?|145
2|7.3 Deriving Obligations from Values|147
2|7.4 Deriving Rights from Values|150
2|Reading Recommendations|152
1|8: Human Rights Concerning the Protection of Physical and Mental Integrity|153
2|8.1 The Multitude of Human Rights|156
2|8.2 The Ban on Inhuman/Degrading/Cruel Treatment and Torture in International Law|156
2|8.3 Philosophical Analysis|158
2|8.4 Critique of the Case Law|165
2|Reading Recommendations|168
3|Case Law|169
1|9: Freedom of Movement and the Rights Under Detention|170
2|9.1 The Habeas Corpus Rights|173
2|9.2 Humane Living Conditions While Under Detention|175
2|9.3 The Function of Article 10 ICCPR|177
2|9.4 Total Institutions|178
2|9.5 The Fight to Freedom of Movement|183
2|Reading Recommendations|184
3|Case Law|184
1|10: Human Rights Concerning the Protection of Intellectual Integrity|185
2|10.1 The Freedom of Information|189
2|10.2 Freedom of Expression|191
2|10.3 Freedom from Censorship|193
2|10.4 The Right to Free Assembly and the Right to Free Association|194
2|10.5 Restriction Clauses|196
2|Reading Recommendations|207
3|Case Law|207
1|11: The Human Right to Privacy|208
2|11.1 The History of Privacy Rights|213
2|11.2 The Need for Privacy|214
2|11.3 The Particular Rights to Privacy in Light of Goffman’s Theory|217
3|11.3.1 The Right to Privacy in One’s Home|217
3|11.3.2 The Right to Private Life|217
3|11.3.3 The Right to Freedom of Marriage|218
3|11.3.4 The Right to Freedom of Establishing a Family|218
3|11.3.5 The Right to Family Life|219
3|11.3.6 The Right to Privacy in One’s Correspondence|220
2|11.4 Protection of Social Ties (“Rootedness”)|220
2|11.5 Limiting Clauses of the Codified Human Rights to Privacy|221
2|Reading Recommendations|225
3|Case Law|225
1|12: The Right to Freedom of Conscience|226
2|12.1 The History of the Legal Concept “Conscience”|229
2|12.2 The Mechanism of Conscience|233
2|12.3 Is the Right to Freedom of Conscience a Human Right?|237
2|Reading Recommendations|241
3|Case Law|241
1|13: The Right to Spiritual Freedom|242
2|13.1 The Generality of Freedom of Religion|244
2|13.2 The Freedom to Believe or Not Believe|245
2|13.3 The Freedom to Practice Religion|247
2|13.4 Religious Practices and the Maintenance of Personhood|249
2|13.5 The Criticism of Case Law|258
2|13.6 The Timeliness of Religious Freedom|262
2|Reading Recommendations|262
3|Case Law|263
1|14: The Right to Life|264
2|14.1 The Codification of the Right to Life|266
2|14.2 The Unique Character of the Right to Life|268
2|14.3 The Existence-as-Attribute Thesis|269
2|14.4 The Basis Thesis|271
2|14.5 The Sanctity of Life Thesis|273
2|14.6 The Mortal Fear Thesis|275
2|14.7 The Function of the Right to Life|276
2|Reading Recommendations|278
3|Case Law|278
1|15: Social Human Rights|279
2|15.1 The Distinction Between Liberal and Social Human Rights|284
2|15.2 The Codification of Social Human Rights|285
2|15.3 The List of Codified Social Human Rights|287
2|15.4 The Goods of the Social Human Rights and its Relevance for Humane Living Conditions|288
2|15.5 Duties to Refrain From Doing Something and Duties to Do Something|293
2|15.6 The Utilitarian Approach|294
2|15.7 The Deontological Approach|295
2|15.8 Social “Human Rights” are Not Human Rights|299
2|15.9 The Redundancy of Social Human Rights|301
2|Reading Recommendations|302
3|Case law|303
1|16: Right to Asylum|304
2|16.1 The Right to Asylum in International Law|306
2|16.2 Is There a Moral Human Right to Global Free Movement?|309
2|16.3 Is There a Moral Human Right to Asylum?|312
2|16.4 Right to Asylum for Asylum Seekers Inside the State Borders|314
2|16.5 The Refoulement Ban in Positive Asylum Law|316
2|16.6 Right to Asylum for Asylum Seekers Outside the State Borders|318
2|Reading Recommendations|319
3|Case Law|320
1|17: Fake Human Rights|321
2|17.1 The Right to Property|323
2|17.2 Philosophical Conceptions of Property|326
2|17.3 Collective Human Rights|332
2|Reading Recommendations|336
3|Case Law|336
1|18: The Principles of Liberty|337
2|18.1 Liberty in Positive Law|339
2|18.2 The Content of the Principle of Liberty|345
2|18.3 Rules and Principles|346
2|18.4 The Philosophical Foundation of the Principle of Liberty|350
2|18.5 The Legal Instruments for Taking Care of Liberty|351
2|Reading Recommendations|355
3|Case Law|355
1|19: The Principles of Equality|356
2|19.1 The General Appearance of Equality within Human Rights Codifications|358
2|19.2 Is There a Human Right to Equality?|360
2|19.3 Is There a Human Right Against Discrimination on Reasons of “Race”, Color, Sex Etc.?|363
2|19.4 Is There a Human Right Against Discrimination on Reasons of Making Use of Human Rights?|366
2|Reading Recommendations|368
3|Case Law|368
1|20: Rights in Conflict|369
2|20.1 Methods for Resolving Norm Conflicts|372
2|20.2 Freedom of Action v. Freedom of Action|374
2|20.3 Margin Human Right v. Freedom of Action|375
2|20.4 Margin Human Right v. Margin Human Right|376
2|20.5 Freedom of Action v. Core Human Right|378
2|20.6 Margin Human Right v. Core Human Right|380
2|20.7 Core Human Right v. Core Human Right|382
2|Reading Recommendations|388
3|Case Law|388
1|21: Do You Still Remember – The Answers|390
2|21.1 Answers to Chapter 1|392
2|21.2 Answers to Chapter 2|392
2|21.3 Answers to Chapter 3|393
2|21.4 Answers to Chapter 4|393
2|21.5 Answers to Chapter 5|394
2|21.6 Answers to Chapter 6|394
2|21.7 Answers to Chapter 7|395
2|21.8 Answers to Chapter 8|395
2|21.9 Answers to Chapter 9|396
2|21.10 Answers to Chapter 10|396
2|21.11 Answers to Chapter 11|397
2|21.12 Answers to Chapter 12|398
2|21.13 Answers to Chapter 13|398
2|21.14 Answers to Chapter 14|399
2|21.15 Answers to Chapter 15|399
2|21.16 Answers to Chapter 16|400
2|21.17 Answers to Chapter 17|400
2|21.18 Answers to Chapter 18|401
2|21.19 Answers to Chapter 19|401
2|21.20 Answers to Chapter 20|402
1|Index|405
1|Contents|8
1|Abbreviations and Sources of Codifications|13
1|List of Figures|16
1|1: Introduction|18
2|1.1 The Aims of the Lecture|21
2|1.2 The Concept of Human Rights|22
2|1.3 The Concept of Philosophy|31
2|1.4 The Reasons in Favor of a Philosophical Analysis and Foundation of Human Rights|35
2|Reading Recommendations|37
3|Case Law|38
1|2: Utilitarian and Aristotelian Approach|39
2|2.1 The Utilitarian Approach|42
2|2.2 The Aristotelian Approach|47
2|2.3 Requirements for an Adequate Theory of Foundation|56
2|Reading Recommendations|57
1|3: The Social Contract Approach|59
2|3.1 The Theory of Social Contract|62
2|3.2 Thomas Hobbes|63
2|3.3 John Locke|66
2|3.4 Jean-Jacques Rousseau|70
2|3.5 John Rawls|73
2|3.6 Why Social Contract Theories Cannot Serve as a Foundation for Human Rights|76
2|3.7 A New Approach After World War II|78
2|Reading Recommendations|79
3|Case Law|79
1|4: The Human Dignity Approach|80
2|4.1 Human Dignity in International Law|83
2|4.2 The History of the Notion “Human Dignity”|86
2|Reading Recommendations|92
3|Case Law|93
1|5: The Human Dignity Principle I|94
2|5.1 Dignity as a Value Judgment|98
2|5.2 Dignity as a Specific Category of Value|102
2|5.3 Personhood as the Value Standard of Dignity|104
2|5.4 “Me-Dignity” and General Human Dignity|108
2|5.5 The Risk of Empirical Error|111
2|Reading Recommendations|112
1|6: The Human Dignity Principle II|114
2|6.1 The Equiprimordiality Thesis|117
2|6.2 Dependence on Passive Recognition of Personhood|118
2|6.3 Dependence on Active Recognition of Personhood|123
2|6.4 Verification or Failing of Falsification?|128
2|6.5 The Generality of the Equiprimordiality Thesis|129
2|6.6 Human Dignity in Cases of Doubt|131
2|Reading Recommendations|134
1|7: From Human Dignity to Human Rights|135
2|7.1 What Is a Right?|138
2|7.2 What Is Meant by Having a Right?|145
2|7.3 Deriving Obligations from Values|147
2|7.4 Deriving Rights from Values|150
2|Reading Recommendations|152
1|8: Human Rights Concerning the Protection of Physical and Mental Integrity|153
2|8.1 The Multitude of Human Rights|156
2|8.2 The Ban on Inhuman/Degrading/Cruel Treatment and Torture in International Law|156
2|8.3 Philosophical Analysis|158
2|8.4 Critique of the Case Law|165
2|Reading Recommendations|168
3|Case Law|169
1|9: Freedom of Movement and the Rights Under Detention|170
2|9.1 The Habeas Corpus Rights|173
2|9.2 Humane Living Conditions While Under Detention|175
2|9.3 The Function of Article 10 ICCPR|177
2|9.4 Total Institutions|178
2|9.5 The Fight to Freedom of Movement|183
2|Reading Recommendations|184
3|Case Law|184
1|10: Human Rights Concerning the Protection of Intellectual Integrity|185
2|10.1 The Freedom of Information|189
2|10.2 Freedom of Expression|191
2|10.3 Freedom from Censorship|193
2|10.4 The Right to Free Assembly and the Right to Free Association|194
2|10.5 Restriction Clauses|196
2|Reading Recommendations|207
3|Case Law|207
1|11: The Human Right to Privacy|208
2|11.1 The History of Privacy Rights|213
2|11.2 The Need for Privacy|214
2|11.3 The Particular Rights to Privacy in Light of Goffman’s Theory|217
3|11.3.1 The Right to Privacy in One’s Home|217
3|11.3.2 The Right to Private Life|217
3|11.3.3 The Right to Freedom of Marriage|218
3|11.3.4 The Right to Freedom of Establishing a Family|218
3|11.3.5 The Right to Family Life|219
3|11.3.6 The Right to Privacy in One’s Correspondence|220
2|11.4 Protection of Social Ties (“Rootedness”)|220
2|11.5 Limiting Clauses of the Codified Human Rights to Privacy|221
2|Reading Recommendations|225
3|Case Law|225
1|12: The Right to Freedom of Conscience|226
2|12.1 The History of the Legal Concept “Conscience”|229
2|12.2 The Mechanism of Conscience|233
2|12.3 Is the Right to Freedom of Conscience a Human Right?|237
2|Reading Recommendations|241
3|Case Law|241
1|13: The Right to Spiritual Freedom|242
2|13.1 The Generality of Freedom of Religion|244
2|13.2 The Freedom to Believe or Not Believe|245
2|13.3 The Freedom to Practice Religion|247
2|13.4 Religious Practices and the Maintenance of Personhood|249
2|13.5 The Criticism of Case Law|258
2|13.6 The Timeliness of Religious Freedom|262
2|Reading Recommendations|262
3|Case Law|263
1|14: The Right to Life|264
2|14.1 The Codification of the Right to Life|266
2|14.2 The Unique Character of the Right to Life|268
2|14.3 The Existence-as-Attribute Thesis|269
2|14.4 The Basis Thesis|271
2|14.5 The Sanctity of Life Thesis|273
2|14.6 The Mortal Fear Thesis|275
2|14.7 The Function of the Right to Life|276
2|Reading Recommendations|278
3|Case Law|278
1|15: Social Human Rights|279
2|15.1 The Distinction Between Liberal and Social Human Rights|284
2|15.2 The Codification of Social Human Rights|285
2|15.3 The List of Codified Social Human Rights|287
2|15.4 The Goods of the Social Human Rights and its Relevance for Humane Living Conditions|288
2|15.5 Duties to Refrain From Doing Something and Duties to Do Something|293
2|15.6 The Utilitarian Approach|294
2|15.7 The Deontological Approach|295
2|15.8 Social “Human Rights” are Not Human Rights|299
2|15.9 The Redundancy of Social Human Rights|301
2|Reading Recommendations|302
3|Case law|303
1|16: Right to Asylum|304
2|16.1 The Right to Asylum in International Law|306
2|16.2 Is There a Moral Human Right to Global Free Movement?|309
2|16.3 Is There a Moral Human Right to Asylum?|312
2|16.4 Right to Asylum for Asylum Seekers Inside the State Borders|314
2|16.5 The Refoulement Ban in Positive Asylum Law|316
2|16.6 Right to Asylum for Asylum Seekers Outside the State Borders|318
2|Reading Recommendations|319
3|Case Law|320
1|17: Fake Human Rights|321
2|17.1 The Right to Property|323
2|17.2 Philosophical Conceptions of Property|326
2|17.3 Collective Human Rights|332
2|Reading Recommendations|336
3|Case Law|336
1|18: The Principles of Liberty|337
2|18.1 Liberty in Positive Law|339
2|18.2 The Content of the Principle of Liberty|345
2|18.3 Rules and Principles|346
2|18.4 The Philosophical Foundation of the Principle of Liberty|350
2|18.5 The Legal Instruments for Taking Care of Liberty|351
2|Reading Recommendations|355
3|Case Law|355
1|19: The Principles of Equality|356
2|19.1 The General Appearance of Equality within Human Rights Codifications|358
2|19.2 Is There a Human Right to Equality?|360
2|19.3 Is There a Human Right Against Discrimination on Reasons of “Race”, Color, Sex Etc.?|363
2|19.4 Is There a Human Right Against Discrimination on Reasons of Making Use of Human Rights?|366
2|Reading Recommendations|368
3|Case Law|368
1|20: Rights in Conflict|369
2|20.1 Methods for Resolving Norm Conflicts|372
2|20.2 Freedom of Action v. Freedom of Action|374
2|20.3 Margin Human Right v. Freedom of Action|375
2|20.4 Margin Human Right v. Margin Human Right|376
2|20.5 Freedom of Action v. Core Human Right|378
2|20.6 Margin Human Right v. Core Human Right|380
2|20.7 Core Human Right v. Core Human Right|382
2|Reading Recommendations|388
3|Case Law|388
1|21: Do You Still Remember – The Answers|390
2|21.1 Answers to Chapter 1|392
2|21.2 Answers to Chapter 2|392
2|21.3 Answers to Chapter 3|393
2|21.4 Answers to Chapter 4|393
2|21.5 Answers to Chapter 5|394
2|21.6 Answers to Chapter 6|394
2|21.7 Answers to Chapter 7|395
2|21.8 Answers to Chapter 8|395
2|21.9 Answers to Chapter 9|396
2|21.10 Answers to Chapter 10|396
2|21.11 Answers to Chapter 11|397
2|21.12 Answers to Chapter 12|398
2|21.13 Answers to Chapter 13|398
2|21.14 Answers to Chapter 14|399
2|21.15 Answers to Chapter 15|399
2|21.16 Answers to Chapter 16|400
2|21.17 Answers to Chapter 17|400
2|21.18 Answers to Chapter 18|401
2|21.19 Answers to Chapter 19|401
2|21.20 Answers to Chapter 20|402
1|Index|405