File #2609: "2019_Book_OnlineOthering.pdf"
Testo
1|Acknowledgements|6
1|Contents|7
1|Notes on Contributors|10
1|List of Tables|17
1|1 Online Othering: An Introduction|18
2|Introduction|18
2|Online Participation, Inequalities and the Political Economy of the Internet|19
2|Discrimination, Harassment and Hate Online|21
2|A Threat to Democracy? The Rise of the Alt-Right and Trumpism|25
2|Political Organisation, Activism and Resistance to ‘Online Othering’|27
2|‘Online Othering’, Agency and Resistance|30
2|Synopsis of Book and Overview of Chapters|39
2|References|43
1|Part I Online Culture Wars: The Rise of the Alt-Right, Trumpism and White Masculinities|51
1|2 Online Hate: From the Far-Right to the ‘Alt-Right’ and from the Margins to the Mainstream|55
2|Introduction|55
2|A New Era and a New Technology|57
2|The Far-Right Get a Website|59
2|Between 9/11 and a Black President|62
2|Social Media Gateway|63
2|The Alt-Right|65
2|The Alt-Lite, Mainstream and ‘Red Pilling’|67
2|Online to Offline and a Crackdown|70
2|Conclusion|74
2|References|74
1|3 Cucks, Fags and Useful Idiots: The Othering of Dissenting White Masculinities Online|80
2|Introduction|80
2|The Origins of a Meme|82
2|Networked Effects: Performative Artefacts, Collective Coordination and Meme Magic|87
2|Behind the Trolling Mask|89
2|Angry White Men|90
2|Assemblages of Outrage|91
2|The Ordering of Online Experience|94
2|Deviants, Dupes and Degenerates|96
2|Conclusion|99
2|References|102
1|4 ‘“I Want to Kill You in Front of Your Children” Is Not a Threat. It’s an Expression of a Desire’: Discourses of Online Abuse, Trolling and Violence on r/MensRights|105
2|Introduction|105
2|Researching Reddit and Toxic Technocultures|107
3|The Rise of Reddit|107
3|r/MensRights|108
3|Studies of Reddit|109
2|Men’s Rights Activists (MRAs) and the Manosphere|110
3|The History of Men’s Rights Movements|110
3|The Manosphere|112
2|Methods|115
2|Findings: The Construction of Digital Violence and Abuse on r/MensRights|116
3|Denial of Women and Feminists as Victims of Online Violence|116
3|The Victimization of Men Online|119
3|Constructions of Online Violence: ‘You Need a Good Smashing up the Arse’ is Not a Threat|121
2|Conclusion|123
2|References|126
1|Part II Experiences of Online Abuse: Gendered Othering, Sexism and Misogyny|130
1|5 Online/Offline Continuities: Exploring Misogyny and Hate in Online Abuse of Feminists|134
2|Introduction|134
2|Researching Online Abuse|136
2|Online Abuse as a Form of VAWG|137
2|Online Abuse as a Form of Hate Crime|143
2|Concluding Thoughts|152
2|References|153
1|6 ‘The Price of Admission’: On Notions of Risk and Responsibility in Women’s Sexting Practices|157
2|Introduction|157
2|PSIs as a Tool for ‘Online Othering’|160
2|Methods|162
2|Trust Assessment as Risk Mitigation|163
2|The Responsibility of Risk Mitigation|168
2|Making Choices in a Sexualized Society|170
2|Conclusion|173
2|References|174
1|7 ‘There’s a Bit of Banter’: How Male Teenagers ‘Do Boy’ on Social Networking Sites|177
2|Introduction|177
2|Gender and the Performance of Teenage Masculinities|179
2|Networked Masculinities|180
2|Gendered Talk: Banter and Bonding|181
2|Methods|184
2|‘There’s a Bit of Banter’: Learning and Performing Masculinity|185
3|Learning to ‘Banter’|185
3|Banter or Bullying?|188
3|Overflowing Practices and Failed Banter|190
2|Conclusion|193
2|References|196
1|8 Othering Political Women: Online Misogyny, Racism and Ableism Towards Women in Public Life|199
2|Introduction|199
2|Women, Media, Politics|201
2|Violence Against Women in Politics|202
2|Online Abuse of MPs: The Evidence So Far|204
2|Methods|206
2|Findings|207
3|Gendered and Racist Abuse|208
3|Dismissal and Silencing|211
3|Questioning Intelligence and Position|213
3|‘Benevolent’ Othering|217
2|Conclusion|218
2|References|220
1|Part III Online Exclusion: Boundaries, Spaces and Intersectionality|223
1|9 The ‘Online Othering’ of Transgender People in Relation to ‘Gender Neutral Toilets’|227
2|Introduction|227
2|Method|232
2|Thematic Overview|233
2|The Delegitimisation and Othering of Transgender People|234
3|Transgender People as Challenging the Given Order: Invocations of Nature and Biology|234
3|Mobilisation of Religious and Moral Values and Norms|238
3|Delegitimisation Through Pathologisation and Construction as a Media Artefact|242
2|Conclusion|244
2|References|246
1|10 Young Men with Physical Disabilities Struggle for Digital Sex(uality)|250
2|Introduction|250
2|Sexual Othering, Disability, and Digital Media|252
2|Mediated Access to Digital Sex(uality)|254
2|Methods|257
2|Steven: Sexual Entertainment|260
2|Gary: Validating Sexuality|262
2|Conclusion|263
2|References|264
1|11 Rural Racism in the Digital Age|270
2|Introduction|270
2|Race, Racism and Rurality|271
2|Social Media, the Internet and Rural Communities in the Digital Age|274
2|Methods|276
2|Findings|279
3|Re-representing Rurality Online|280
3|‘What You Doing on Here?’: Accounts of Racism|282
2|Doing Rurality Online|285
2|Conclusion|286
2|References|288
1|Part IV Responding to, Regulating and Policing Online Hate|291
1|12 ‘When I Saw Women Being Attacked … It Made Me Want to Stand Up and Fight’: Reporting, Responding to, and Resisting Online Misogyny|296
2|Introduction|296
2|Methods|298
2|Reporting to the Police|299
2|Engaging with Social Media Sites|303
2|One-on-One Engagement|307
2|Digilantism|310
2|Conclusion|312
2|References|314
1|13 Disability Hate Speech: Interrogating the Online/Offline Distinction|318
2|Introduction|318
2|Online and Offline Worlds: The Distinct Contexts and Experiences of Disability Hate Speech|320
2|Online Communication from Web 2.0 Interactivity to Web 3.0 Data Accumulation|321
2|Online Disablist Hate Speech and International Legislation|323
2|The Regulation of the Platform Company: European Union Legislation and Guidelines|324
2|The Global Internet Economy: Hate Speech and Platform Capitalism|325
2|Platform Companies and the Regulation of Online Content|327
2|Virtual Public Spaces and Plural Public Spheres: Beyond the Online/Offline Distinction|329
2|Rational Spheres of Communication and Unregulated Platform Companies|330
2|Conclusion|332
2|References|334
1|14 Challenges in Policing Cyberstalking: A Critique of the Stalking Risk Profile in the Context of Online Relationships|340
2|Introduction|340
2|Defining and Policing Stalking and Cyberstalking|341
2|Challenges for the Police|343
2|Prevalence|344
2|Changing Stages of Web Development and Understandings of Risk|345
2|The Changing Nature of Online Relationships and Risk|346
2|The Stalking Risk Profile|347
2|Method|349
3|Participants|349
3|Materials|350
3|Procedure|351
2|Findings|351
3|Defining Cyberstalking|352
3|Police Familiarity with Technology: Digital Immigrants and Digital Natives|353
3|Cyberstalking Investigative Process and Its Stakeholders|354
3|Current Legislation and Safety Protocols for Cyberstalking Victims|355
2|Conclusion|356
2|References|359
1|15 ‘Why Don’t You Block Them?’ Police Officers’ Constructions of the Ideal Victim When Responding to Reports of Interpersonal Cybercrime|363
2|Introduction|363
2|Review of the Literature: Cybercrime, Victimisation and the Police Response|366
3|Defining and Policing Cybercrime|366
3|Defining and Policing Interpersonal Cybercrime|367
3|Victimology and the ‘Ideal Victim’|370
2|Methods|371
2|Results: Police Officer Support for Victims of Cybercrime|373
3|The ‘Genuine’ Victim of Cybercrime|373
3|‘Have You Blocked Them Yet?’ Preventing Cybercrime|376
3|Negotiating Responsibility for Cybercrime|379
2|Conclusion|381
2|References|384
1|16 Conclusion: Researching ‘Online Othering’—Future Agendas and Lines of Inquiry|387
2|Introduction|387
2|‘Online Othering’: A Conceptual Tool|388
2|‘Online Othering’ is Political|390
2|‘Online Othering’ is Patriarchal|392
2|‘Online Othering’ is Intersectional|393
2|‘Online Othering’ is Difficult to Regulate and Police|395
2|‘Online Othering’ is Enabled by Internet Platforms|396
2|‘Online Othering’ Can Be Challenged and Resisted|398
2|‘Online Othering’ Requires Further Research|399
2|References|401
1|Index|404
1|Contents|7
1|Notes on Contributors|10
1|List of Tables|17
1|1 Online Othering: An Introduction|18
2|Introduction|18
2|Online Participation, Inequalities and the Political Economy of the Internet|19
2|Discrimination, Harassment and Hate Online|21
2|A Threat to Democracy? The Rise of the Alt-Right and Trumpism|25
2|Political Organisation, Activism and Resistance to ‘Online Othering’|27
2|‘Online Othering’, Agency and Resistance|30
2|Synopsis of Book and Overview of Chapters|39
2|References|43
1|Part I Online Culture Wars: The Rise of the Alt-Right, Trumpism and White Masculinities|51
1|2 Online Hate: From the Far-Right to the ‘Alt-Right’ and from the Margins to the Mainstream|55
2|Introduction|55
2|A New Era and a New Technology|57
2|The Far-Right Get a Website|59
2|Between 9/11 and a Black President|62
2|Social Media Gateway|63
2|The Alt-Right|65
2|The Alt-Lite, Mainstream and ‘Red Pilling’|67
2|Online to Offline and a Crackdown|70
2|Conclusion|74
2|References|74
1|3 Cucks, Fags and Useful Idiots: The Othering of Dissenting White Masculinities Online|80
2|Introduction|80
2|The Origins of a Meme|82
2|Networked Effects: Performative Artefacts, Collective Coordination and Meme Magic|87
2|Behind the Trolling Mask|89
2|Angry White Men|90
2|Assemblages of Outrage|91
2|The Ordering of Online Experience|94
2|Deviants, Dupes and Degenerates|96
2|Conclusion|99
2|References|102
1|4 ‘“I Want to Kill You in Front of Your Children” Is Not a Threat. It’s an Expression of a Desire’: Discourses of Online Abuse, Trolling and Violence on r/MensRights|105
2|Introduction|105
2|Researching Reddit and Toxic Technocultures|107
3|The Rise of Reddit|107
3|r/MensRights|108
3|Studies of Reddit|109
2|Men’s Rights Activists (MRAs) and the Manosphere|110
3|The History of Men’s Rights Movements|110
3|The Manosphere|112
2|Methods|115
2|Findings: The Construction of Digital Violence and Abuse on r/MensRights|116
3|Denial of Women and Feminists as Victims of Online Violence|116
3|The Victimization of Men Online|119
3|Constructions of Online Violence: ‘You Need a Good Smashing up the Arse’ is Not a Threat|121
2|Conclusion|123
2|References|126
1|Part II Experiences of Online Abuse: Gendered Othering, Sexism and Misogyny|130
1|5 Online/Offline Continuities: Exploring Misogyny and Hate in Online Abuse of Feminists|134
2|Introduction|134
2|Researching Online Abuse|136
2|Online Abuse as a Form of VAWG|137
2|Online Abuse as a Form of Hate Crime|143
2|Concluding Thoughts|152
2|References|153
1|6 ‘The Price of Admission’: On Notions of Risk and Responsibility in Women’s Sexting Practices|157
2|Introduction|157
2|PSIs as a Tool for ‘Online Othering’|160
2|Methods|162
2|Trust Assessment as Risk Mitigation|163
2|The Responsibility of Risk Mitigation|168
2|Making Choices in a Sexualized Society|170
2|Conclusion|173
2|References|174
1|7 ‘There’s a Bit of Banter’: How Male Teenagers ‘Do Boy’ on Social Networking Sites|177
2|Introduction|177
2|Gender and the Performance of Teenage Masculinities|179
2|Networked Masculinities|180
2|Gendered Talk: Banter and Bonding|181
2|Methods|184
2|‘There’s a Bit of Banter’: Learning and Performing Masculinity|185
3|Learning to ‘Banter’|185
3|Banter or Bullying?|188
3|Overflowing Practices and Failed Banter|190
2|Conclusion|193
2|References|196
1|8 Othering Political Women: Online Misogyny, Racism and Ableism Towards Women in Public Life|199
2|Introduction|199
2|Women, Media, Politics|201
2|Violence Against Women in Politics|202
2|Online Abuse of MPs: The Evidence So Far|204
2|Methods|206
2|Findings|207
3|Gendered and Racist Abuse|208
3|Dismissal and Silencing|211
3|Questioning Intelligence and Position|213
3|‘Benevolent’ Othering|217
2|Conclusion|218
2|References|220
1|Part III Online Exclusion: Boundaries, Spaces and Intersectionality|223
1|9 The ‘Online Othering’ of Transgender People in Relation to ‘Gender Neutral Toilets’|227
2|Introduction|227
2|Method|232
2|Thematic Overview|233
2|The Delegitimisation and Othering of Transgender People|234
3|Transgender People as Challenging the Given Order: Invocations of Nature and Biology|234
3|Mobilisation of Religious and Moral Values and Norms|238
3|Delegitimisation Through Pathologisation and Construction as a Media Artefact|242
2|Conclusion|244
2|References|246
1|10 Young Men with Physical Disabilities Struggle for Digital Sex(uality)|250
2|Introduction|250
2|Sexual Othering, Disability, and Digital Media|252
2|Mediated Access to Digital Sex(uality)|254
2|Methods|257
2|Steven: Sexual Entertainment|260
2|Gary: Validating Sexuality|262
2|Conclusion|263
2|References|264
1|11 Rural Racism in the Digital Age|270
2|Introduction|270
2|Race, Racism and Rurality|271
2|Social Media, the Internet and Rural Communities in the Digital Age|274
2|Methods|276
2|Findings|279
3|Re-representing Rurality Online|280
3|‘What You Doing on Here?’: Accounts of Racism|282
2|Doing Rurality Online|285
2|Conclusion|286
2|References|288
1|Part IV Responding to, Regulating and Policing Online Hate|291
1|12 ‘When I Saw Women Being Attacked … It Made Me Want to Stand Up and Fight’: Reporting, Responding to, and Resisting Online Misogyny|296
2|Introduction|296
2|Methods|298
2|Reporting to the Police|299
2|Engaging with Social Media Sites|303
2|One-on-One Engagement|307
2|Digilantism|310
2|Conclusion|312
2|References|314
1|13 Disability Hate Speech: Interrogating the Online/Offline Distinction|318
2|Introduction|318
2|Online and Offline Worlds: The Distinct Contexts and Experiences of Disability Hate Speech|320
2|Online Communication from Web 2.0 Interactivity to Web 3.0 Data Accumulation|321
2|Online Disablist Hate Speech and International Legislation|323
2|The Regulation of the Platform Company: European Union Legislation and Guidelines|324
2|The Global Internet Economy: Hate Speech and Platform Capitalism|325
2|Platform Companies and the Regulation of Online Content|327
2|Virtual Public Spaces and Plural Public Spheres: Beyond the Online/Offline Distinction|329
2|Rational Spheres of Communication and Unregulated Platform Companies|330
2|Conclusion|332
2|References|334
1|14 Challenges in Policing Cyberstalking: A Critique of the Stalking Risk Profile in the Context of Online Relationships|340
2|Introduction|340
2|Defining and Policing Stalking and Cyberstalking|341
2|Challenges for the Police|343
2|Prevalence|344
2|Changing Stages of Web Development and Understandings of Risk|345
2|The Changing Nature of Online Relationships and Risk|346
2|The Stalking Risk Profile|347
2|Method|349
3|Participants|349
3|Materials|350
3|Procedure|351
2|Findings|351
3|Defining Cyberstalking|352
3|Police Familiarity with Technology: Digital Immigrants and Digital Natives|353
3|Cyberstalking Investigative Process and Its Stakeholders|354
3|Current Legislation and Safety Protocols for Cyberstalking Victims|355
2|Conclusion|356
2|References|359
1|15 ‘Why Don’t You Block Them?’ Police Officers’ Constructions of the Ideal Victim When Responding to Reports of Interpersonal Cybercrime|363
2|Introduction|363
2|Review of the Literature: Cybercrime, Victimisation and the Police Response|366
3|Defining and Policing Cybercrime|366
3|Defining and Policing Interpersonal Cybercrime|367
3|Victimology and the ‘Ideal Victim’|370
2|Methods|371
2|Results: Police Officer Support for Victims of Cybercrime|373
3|The ‘Genuine’ Victim of Cybercrime|373
3|‘Have You Blocked Them Yet?’ Preventing Cybercrime|376
3|Negotiating Responsibility for Cybercrime|379
2|Conclusion|381
2|References|384
1|16 Conclusion: Researching ‘Online Othering’—Future Agendas and Lines of Inquiry|387
2|Introduction|387
2|‘Online Othering’: A Conceptual Tool|388
2|‘Online Othering’ is Political|390
2|‘Online Othering’ is Patriarchal|392
2|‘Online Othering’ is Intersectional|393
2|‘Online Othering’ is Difficult to Regulate and Police|395
2|‘Online Othering’ is Enabled by Internet Platforms|396
2|‘Online Othering’ Can Be Challenged and Resisted|398
2|‘Online Othering’ Requires Further Research|399
2|References|401
1|Index|404