File #2859: "2020_Book_TheHumanRightsOfOlderPersons.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|6
1|Contents|9
1|Abbreviations|14
1|1 Introduction|15
2|1.1 Introduction|15
2|1.2 Defining Elder Law|21
3|1.2.1 Older or Elder?|22
3|1.2.2 What Age is ‘Older’?|23
3|1.2.3 Elder Law|24
3|1.2.4 Ageism|25
2|1.3 Rates of Demographic Change|26
2|1.4 Select Legal Challenges|28
3|1.4.1 Capacity and Decision-Making|29
3|1.4.2 Elder Abuse|31
3|1.4.3 Financial Security|33
3|1.4.4 Accommodation|36
3|1.4.5 Health and Aged Care|38
2|1.5 Access to Justice|41
2|1.6 Women and Ageing|42
2|1.7 Conclusion|43
2|References|46
1|2 The Existing Framework for Protecting the Human Rights of Older Persons|51
2|2.1 Introduction|51
2|2.2 International Law Protecting the Human Rights of Older Persons|52
3|2.2.1 Right to Equality Before the Law|55
3|2.2.2 Right to an Adequate Standard of Living, Incorporating Rights to Adequate Food, Water and Housing|56
3|2.2.3 Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health|58
3|2.2.4 Freedom of Movement|60
3|2.2.5 Right to Liberty and Security of the Person and Freedom from Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment|61
3|2.2.6 Right to Privacy|63
3|2.2.7 Right to Work and Education|64
3|2.2.8 Right to Social Security|65
3|2.2.9 Rights to Social and Cultural Participation|66
3|2.2.10 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities|67
2|2.3 Soft-Law Instruments and Special Procedures|69
3|2.3.1 Vienna International Plan of Action on Ageing|70
3|2.3.2 United Nations Principles for Older Persons|70
3|2.3.3 Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing|71
3|2.3.4 Open-Ended Working Group on Ageing|72
3|2.3.5 United Nations Independent Expert|73
2|2.4 The Case for a Convention on the Rights of Older Persons|74
2|2.5 Conclusion|76
2|References|76
1|3 A Human Rights-Based Approach to Elder Law|81
2|3.1 Introduction|81
2|3.2 The Elements of a Human Rights-Based Approach to Elder Law|83
3|3.2.1 Core Values|85
3|3.2.2 Specific Rights and Duties|87
3|3.2.3 Framework Principles|88
2|3.3 Conclusion|92
2|References|94
1|4 Economic, Social and Cultural Participation|96
2|4.1 Introduction|96
2|4.2 What Does Participation Mean for Older Persons?|98
2|4.3 Participation in Education and Employment|104
3|4.3.1 Education|105
3|4.3.2 Employment and the Digital Economy|109
2|4.4 Social and Cultural Participation|111
3|4.4.1 Social Inclusion|112
3|4.4.2 Age-Friendly Urban Design|114
3|4.4.3 Cultural Participation and Cultural Safety|116
3|4.4.4 Leisure|117
2|4.5 Conclusion|119
2|References|119
1|5 Ageism and Equality|123
2|5.1 Introduction|123
2|5.2 Definition of Ageism|126
2|5.3 Drivers of Ageism|128
2|5.4 Impact of Ageism on Human Rights|131
3|5.4.1 Employment|131
3|5.4.2 Housing|134
3|5.4.3 Healthcare|137
2|5.5 Countering Ageism|139
3|5.5.1 Legal Protections Against Ageism|139
3|5.5.2 Culture Shift|142
2|5.6 Conclusion|144
2|References|145
1|6 Legal Capacity and Decision-Making|150
2|6.1 Introduction|150
2|6.2 The General Concept of Capacity|154
3|6.2.1 Cognitive and Functional Capacity|155
3|6.2.2 Mentally Disabling Conditions|156
2|6.3 Capacity and the ‘Old, Old’|159
2|6.4 Legal Capacity|161
3|6.4.1 Legal Terms of Art|162
3|6.4.2 Financial Capacity|163
3|6.4.3 Testamentary Capacity|166
3|6.4.4 The Capacity to Make Enduring Documents|168
3|6.4.5 Driving|170
2|6.5 Evidencing the Loss of Legal Capacity|171
2|6.6 Capacity and Human Rights Principles|174
2|6.7 Conclusion|177
2|References|179
1|7 Elder Abuse|185
2|7.1 Introduction|185
2|7.2 Definitions|188
3|7.2.1 Physical Abuse|192
3|7.2.2 Financial Abuse|192
3|7.2.3 Psychological or Emotional Abuse|193
3|7.2.4 Sexual Abuse|194
3|7.2.5 Neglect|194
2|7.3 Prevalence|195
2|7.4 Risk Factors|197
2|7.5 Violence Against Older Women|201
2|7.6 Access to Justice|203
2|7.7 Safeguarding Against Abuse|207
2|7.8 The Role of Legal Professionals in Addressing Elder Abuse|211
2|7.9 Conclusion|212
2|References|213
1|8 Financial Security and Ageing|219
2|8.1 Introduction|219
2|8.2 Poverty and Ageing|223
3|8.2.1 Prevalence|223
3|8.2.2 Risk Factors|224
2|8.3 Understanding Financial Security|227
3|8.3.1 Income Security|228
3|8.3.2 Wealth Security|228
2|8.4 Planning for the Future|230
2|8.5 The Right to Social Security|233
2|8.6 Pension Schemes|237
3|8.6.1 Availability and Viability|237
3|8.6.2 Non-contributory Pension Schemes|241
3|8.6.3 Contributory Pension Schemes|244
2|8.7 The Financial Security of Older Women|244
2|8.8 Conclusion|247
2|References|249
1|9 Accommodation|254
2|9.1 Introduction|255
2|9.2 Accommodation and Human Rights|258
2|9.3 Ageing in Place|260
2|9.4 Retirement Living Options|261
3|9.4.1 Dementia Villages|266
3|9.4.2 Self-Managed or Co-housing|267
2|9.5 Is There Value in Retirement Living?|268
3|9.5.1 Benefits of Retirement Living|268
3|9.5.2 Disadvantages of Retirement Living|270
2|9.6 Dispute Resolution|276
2|9.7 Conclusion|277
2|References|278
1|10 Health and Aged Care|283
2|10.1 Introduction|283
2|10.2 Health and Ageing|287
3|10.2.1 Defining Health in the Ageing Context|287
3|10.2.2 Functional Ability and Intrinsic Capacity|288
3|10.2.3 Health Determinants in Ageing|289
2|10.3 The Right to Health|292
3|10.3.1 A Human Rights-Based Approach to Health|293
3|10.3.2 The Global Response|296
3|10.3.3 The Role of Assistive Technologies|300
2|10.4 Healthcare Systems|302
2|10.5 Aged Care Systems|304
2|10.6 Barriers to Care|309
3|10.6.1 Accessibility of Care|309
3|10.6.2 Quality of Care|312
2|10.7 Palliative Care and End of Life|316
2|10.8 Conclusion|317
2|References|320
1|11 Conclusion|325
2|11.1 Introduction|325
2|11.2 Key Themes and Contributions|326
3|11.2.1 A Human Rights Framework|327
3|11.2.2 Importance of Participation|328
3|11.2.3 Ageism|329
3|11.2.4 Balancing Rights and the Dignity of Risk|330
3|11.2.5 Capacity|331
3|11.2.6 Access to Justice|332
2|11.3 Recommendations|332
3|11.3.1 Strengthen Human Rights Law|333
3|11.3.2 Address Ageism|336
3|11.3.3 Improve Access to Justice|338
3|11.3.4 Elder Abuse|341
3|11.3.5 Capacity|342
3|11.3.6 Housing and Urban Design|343
3|11.3.7 Financial Security|344
2|11.4 Conclusion|344
2|References|345
1|Contents|9
1|Abbreviations|14
1|1 Introduction|15
2|1.1 Introduction|15
2|1.2 Defining Elder Law|21
3|1.2.1 Older or Elder?|22
3|1.2.2 What Age is ‘Older’?|23
3|1.2.3 Elder Law|24
3|1.2.4 Ageism|25
2|1.3 Rates of Demographic Change|26
2|1.4 Select Legal Challenges|28
3|1.4.1 Capacity and Decision-Making|29
3|1.4.2 Elder Abuse|31
3|1.4.3 Financial Security|33
3|1.4.4 Accommodation|36
3|1.4.5 Health and Aged Care|38
2|1.5 Access to Justice|41
2|1.6 Women and Ageing|42
2|1.7 Conclusion|43
2|References|46
1|2 The Existing Framework for Protecting the Human Rights of Older Persons|51
2|2.1 Introduction|51
2|2.2 International Law Protecting the Human Rights of Older Persons|52
3|2.2.1 Right to Equality Before the Law|55
3|2.2.2 Right to an Adequate Standard of Living, Incorporating Rights to Adequate Food, Water and Housing|56
3|2.2.3 Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health|58
3|2.2.4 Freedom of Movement|60
3|2.2.5 Right to Liberty and Security of the Person and Freedom from Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment|61
3|2.2.6 Right to Privacy|63
3|2.2.7 Right to Work and Education|64
3|2.2.8 Right to Social Security|65
3|2.2.9 Rights to Social and Cultural Participation|66
3|2.2.10 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities|67
2|2.3 Soft-Law Instruments and Special Procedures|69
3|2.3.1 Vienna International Plan of Action on Ageing|70
3|2.3.2 United Nations Principles for Older Persons|70
3|2.3.3 Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing|71
3|2.3.4 Open-Ended Working Group on Ageing|72
3|2.3.5 United Nations Independent Expert|73
2|2.4 The Case for a Convention on the Rights of Older Persons|74
2|2.5 Conclusion|76
2|References|76
1|3 A Human Rights-Based Approach to Elder Law|81
2|3.1 Introduction|81
2|3.2 The Elements of a Human Rights-Based Approach to Elder Law|83
3|3.2.1 Core Values|85
3|3.2.2 Specific Rights and Duties|87
3|3.2.3 Framework Principles|88
2|3.3 Conclusion|92
2|References|94
1|4 Economic, Social and Cultural Participation|96
2|4.1 Introduction|96
2|4.2 What Does Participation Mean for Older Persons?|98
2|4.3 Participation in Education and Employment|104
3|4.3.1 Education|105
3|4.3.2 Employment and the Digital Economy|109
2|4.4 Social and Cultural Participation|111
3|4.4.1 Social Inclusion|112
3|4.4.2 Age-Friendly Urban Design|114
3|4.4.3 Cultural Participation and Cultural Safety|116
3|4.4.4 Leisure|117
2|4.5 Conclusion|119
2|References|119
1|5 Ageism and Equality|123
2|5.1 Introduction|123
2|5.2 Definition of Ageism|126
2|5.3 Drivers of Ageism|128
2|5.4 Impact of Ageism on Human Rights|131
3|5.4.1 Employment|131
3|5.4.2 Housing|134
3|5.4.3 Healthcare|137
2|5.5 Countering Ageism|139
3|5.5.1 Legal Protections Against Ageism|139
3|5.5.2 Culture Shift|142
2|5.6 Conclusion|144
2|References|145
1|6 Legal Capacity and Decision-Making|150
2|6.1 Introduction|150
2|6.2 The General Concept of Capacity|154
3|6.2.1 Cognitive and Functional Capacity|155
3|6.2.2 Mentally Disabling Conditions|156
2|6.3 Capacity and the ‘Old, Old’|159
2|6.4 Legal Capacity|161
3|6.4.1 Legal Terms of Art|162
3|6.4.2 Financial Capacity|163
3|6.4.3 Testamentary Capacity|166
3|6.4.4 The Capacity to Make Enduring Documents|168
3|6.4.5 Driving|170
2|6.5 Evidencing the Loss of Legal Capacity|171
2|6.6 Capacity and Human Rights Principles|174
2|6.7 Conclusion|177
2|References|179
1|7 Elder Abuse|185
2|7.1 Introduction|185
2|7.2 Definitions|188
3|7.2.1 Physical Abuse|192
3|7.2.2 Financial Abuse|192
3|7.2.3 Psychological or Emotional Abuse|193
3|7.2.4 Sexual Abuse|194
3|7.2.5 Neglect|194
2|7.3 Prevalence|195
2|7.4 Risk Factors|197
2|7.5 Violence Against Older Women|201
2|7.6 Access to Justice|203
2|7.7 Safeguarding Against Abuse|207
2|7.8 The Role of Legal Professionals in Addressing Elder Abuse|211
2|7.9 Conclusion|212
2|References|213
1|8 Financial Security and Ageing|219
2|8.1 Introduction|219
2|8.2 Poverty and Ageing|223
3|8.2.1 Prevalence|223
3|8.2.2 Risk Factors|224
2|8.3 Understanding Financial Security|227
3|8.3.1 Income Security|228
3|8.3.2 Wealth Security|228
2|8.4 Planning for the Future|230
2|8.5 The Right to Social Security|233
2|8.6 Pension Schemes|237
3|8.6.1 Availability and Viability|237
3|8.6.2 Non-contributory Pension Schemes|241
3|8.6.3 Contributory Pension Schemes|244
2|8.7 The Financial Security of Older Women|244
2|8.8 Conclusion|247
2|References|249
1|9 Accommodation|254
2|9.1 Introduction|255
2|9.2 Accommodation and Human Rights|258
2|9.3 Ageing in Place|260
2|9.4 Retirement Living Options|261
3|9.4.1 Dementia Villages|266
3|9.4.2 Self-Managed or Co-housing|267
2|9.5 Is There Value in Retirement Living?|268
3|9.5.1 Benefits of Retirement Living|268
3|9.5.2 Disadvantages of Retirement Living|270
2|9.6 Dispute Resolution|276
2|9.7 Conclusion|277
2|References|278
1|10 Health and Aged Care|283
2|10.1 Introduction|283
2|10.2 Health and Ageing|287
3|10.2.1 Defining Health in the Ageing Context|287
3|10.2.2 Functional Ability and Intrinsic Capacity|288
3|10.2.3 Health Determinants in Ageing|289
2|10.3 The Right to Health|292
3|10.3.1 A Human Rights-Based Approach to Health|293
3|10.3.2 The Global Response|296
3|10.3.3 The Role of Assistive Technologies|300
2|10.4 Healthcare Systems|302
2|10.5 Aged Care Systems|304
2|10.6 Barriers to Care|309
3|10.6.1 Accessibility of Care|309
3|10.6.2 Quality of Care|312
2|10.7 Palliative Care and End of Life|316
2|10.8 Conclusion|317
2|References|320
1|11 Conclusion|325
2|11.1 Introduction|325
2|11.2 Key Themes and Contributions|326
3|11.2.1 A Human Rights Framework|327
3|11.2.2 Importance of Participation|328
3|11.2.3 Ageism|329
3|11.2.4 Balancing Rights and the Dignity of Risk|330
3|11.2.5 Capacity|331
3|11.2.6 Access to Justice|332
2|11.3 Recommendations|332
3|11.3.1 Strengthen Human Rights Law|333
3|11.3.2 Address Ageism|336
3|11.3.3 Improve Access to Justice|338
3|11.3.4 Elder Abuse|341
3|11.3.5 Capacity|342
3|11.3.6 Housing and Urban Design|343
3|11.3.7 Financial Security|344
2|11.4 Conclusion|344
2|References|345