File #2851: "2020_Book_JuvenileDelinquency.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|6
1|Acknowledgments|10
1|Contents|12
1|About the Authors|23
1|Part I: Definition, Scope, and Trends in Juvenile Delinquency|25
2|Chapter 1: The Transition of Child to Adult|28
3|1.1 Introduction|28
3|1.2 Societal Reaction to Youthful Misbehavior|28
4|1.2.1 Children in the Middle Ages|30
4|1.2.2 The Renaissance and the Development of Interest in Children|31
4|1.2.3 Childhood in Colonial America|32
4|1.2.4 Childhood During the Period of Industrialization and Immigration|33
3|1.3 Houses of Refuge|34
3|1.4 Compulsory Education|35
3|1.5 Origins of the Juvenile Court|36
4|1.5.1 The Child Savers|37
4|1.5.2 Creation of the First Juvenile Court|38
3|1.6 Extent of Delinquency|38
3|1.7 The Concept Juvenile|42
4|1.7.1 Status Offenders|43
3|1.8 Measuring Juvenile Delinquency|43
3|1.9 Officially Recorded Delinquency|44
4|1.9.1 Comparison of Arrests of Female and Male Juveniles|45
3|1.10 Referrals to the Juvenile Courts|46
3|1.11 Juveniles Tried as Adult Criminals|47
4|1.11.1 Self-Reported Delinquency|48
3|1.12 Summary|50
3|1.13 Discussion Questions|51
3|References|52
2|Chapter 2: Past and Current Bio-Social Perspectives on Delinquency Causation|54
3|2.1 Introduction|54
3|2.2 The Theory Development Process|58
4|2.2.1 The Classical School|59
3|2.3 The Classical and Neoclassical Theories|61
4|2.3.1 Neoclassical Thought|61
4|2.3.2 The Biological School|62
3|2.4 Heredity-Based Theories|64
4|2.4.1 Current Biological Explanations of Delinquency|65
3|2.5 Biochemical Explanations|66
3|2.6 Hyperactivity and Learning Disabilities|67
4|2.6.1 Twin Research|68
3|2.7 Studies of Adopted Children|68
3|2.8 Summary|69
3|2.9 Discussion Questions|70
3|References|71
2|Chapter 3: Social-Psychological Theories of Delinquency|73
3|3.1 Introduction|73
3|3.2 Psychoanalytic Theories of Crime and Delinquency|74
3|3.3 Moral Development Theories|76
3|3.4 Cognitive Development Theories|77
3|3.5 Coping Mechanisms Used by Adolescents|78
3|3.6 Personality Trait Explanations of Delinquency|80
3|3.7 Personality Measurement Methods to Ascertain Behavior Disorders|81
3|3.8 The Criminal Personality|82
3|3.9 The Development of Self-Control, Introspection, and Resilience|84
3|3.10 The Psychopathic, Sociopathic, and Conduct Disorder Personalities|86
3|3.11 Mental Illness and Delinquency|87
3|3.12 Summary|89
3|3.13 Discussion Questions|90
3|References|91
2|Chapter 4: Social Organization Perspectives on Delinquency Causation|93
3|4.1 Introduction|93
3|4.2 Social Strain Theory|93
4|4.2.1 Homelessness|94
4|4.2.2 Effects of Poverty|95
3|4.3 Environmental Influences on Delinquency|95
3|4.4 Social Organizational Perspectives|96
4|4.4.1 Delinquency Areas|96
4|4.4.2 Delinquency and Drift|98
3|4.5 Routine Activities|99
4|4.5.1 Intergenerational Conflict Theory|99
3|4.6 Anomie and Delinquency|100
4|4.6.1 Reaction Formation Defense Mechanisms|101
4|4.6.2 Lack of Opportunity and Delinquency|102
4|4.6.3 Stress Factors Relating to Delinquency|102
3|4.7 Social Learning Theory|103
4|4.7.1 Differential Association Theory|105
4|4.7.2 Differential Reinforcement Theory|106
4|4.7.3 Risky Life Styles and Delinquency|106
4|4.7.4 The Influence of Mass Media and Internet Violence on Adolescent Behavior|107
4|4.7.5 The Culture of Violence|110
3|4.8 Social-Psychological Explanations of Delinquency|111
4|4.8.1 The Gluecks’ Multiple-Factor Approach|111
4|4.8.2 Containment Theory|112
4|4.8.3 Social Control/Bonding Theory|112
3|4.9 Summary|115
3|4.10 Discussion Questions|115
3|References|116
2|Chapter 5: Perspectives on Interpersonal Relationships in the Family|120
3|5.1 Introduction|120
3|5.2 Historical Development of the Role of Children in the Family|122
4|5.2.1 Development of the Legal Concept “Child”|123
4|5.2.2 Children in the United States|124
4|5.2.3 Houses of Refuge|125
4|5.2.4 Compulsory Education|126
4|5.2.5 Origins of the Legal Status of Children|126
3|5.3 Significant Cases Pertaining to Parent–Child Relations|127
4|5.3.1 State Obligations to Protect a Child Under State Supervision|128
4|5.3.2 Juvenile Rights Pertaining to the Family|129
3|5.4 The Family and Delinquency|130
4|5.4.1 Delinquency and Disrupted Family Structure|131
4|5.4.2 Child Emancipation|132
4|5.4.3 Socialization in the Family and Delinquency|133
4|5.4.4 Family Violence and Delinquency|133
4|5.4.5 Delinquency and Parental Rejection|134
4|5.4.6 Relationship of Parental Discipline to Delinquency|135
3|5.5 Counseling Families and Juvenile Offenders|135
3|5.6 Summary|136
3|5.7 Discussion Questions|138
3|References|138
2|Chapter 6: Perspectives on Gangs and Peer Group Influences Pertaining to Delinquency Causation|140
3|6.1 Introduction|140
3|6.2 Definition of Gangs and Scope of the Problem|141
4|6.2.1 Number of Youth Gangs and Gang Membership|142
3|6.3 The History of Gang Development|143
4|6.3.1 Gang Behavior in the 1970s|145
4|6.3.2 Gang Behavior in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s|146
3|6.4 Theories of Gang Formation|149
4|6.4.1 Thrasher’s Theory of Gang Development|149
4|6.4.2 Research of the Chicago School|150
4|6.4.3 Lower-Class Culture|150
4|6.4.4 Delinquency and Opportunity|152
4|6.4.5 Research Findings on Criminal Gangs|153
4|6.4.6 Research Findings on Youth Gangs|154
4|6.4.7 Drug and Alcohol Use by Gang Members|157
4|6.4.8 The Underclass as a Generating Milieu for Gang Formation|158
4|6.4.9 Motivation for Joining a Gang|159
4|6.4.10 Development of the Gang|161
3|6.5 Variations in Gang Membership and Structures|162
4|6.5.1 Female Gangs|162
4|6.5.2 Suburban, and Small-Town Gangs|163
3|6.6 Control of Youth Gangs|164
4|6.6.1 Community Organization for Gang Control|165
4|6.6.2 Social Intervention|165
4|6.6.3 Opportunities Provision|166
4|6.6.4 Special Police Gang Units|166
4|6.6.5 Legislation for Youth Gang Prevention and Control|167
3|6.7 Summary|168
3|6.8 Discussion Questions|169
3|References|170
2|Chapter 7: Perspectives on Delinquency and Violence in the Schools|173
3|7.1 Introduction|173
3|7.2 The Socialization Process: Rewards and Punishments|175
3|7.3 School Environment and Delinquency|177
4|7.3.1 School Climate and School Disorder|179
4|7.3.2 Use of Medication as a Control Mechanism|180
4|7.3.3 Aspirations of Students, Fear of Failure and Delinquency|181
3|7.4 Learning Disabilities and Delinquency in the Schools|182
3|7.5 School Drop Out and Delinquency|183
3|7.6 Removal from School—Suspension and Expulsion|184
3|7.7 Alternative School Programs|186
3|7.8 The Amount of Crime in Schools|188
4|7.8.1 Characteristics of Offenders|188
4|7.8.2 Types of Offenses Reported|189
4|7.8.3 Property Crimes in the Schools|189
4|7.8.4 Arrestees of Crimes in Schools|190
3|7.9 School Shootings|190
4|7.9.1 Victims of School Violence|191
5|7.9.1.1 Terrorist Attacks on Schools|191
5|7.9.1.2 Bullying in Schools, in the Community and on the Internet|192
4|7.9.2 Approaches to Prevention of Bullying in the Schools|192
4|7.9.3 Security Programs to Prevent School Shootings and Violence|194
5|7.9.3.1 The Use of School Resource Officers: A School, Police, Community Team Approach|196
5|7.9.3.2 Potential for Role Conflict for Police in Schools|197
3|7.10 Summary|198
3|7.11 Discussion Questions|200
3|References|200
1|Part II: Youth in the Juvenile Justice System|203
2|Chapter 8: Laws and Court Cases Pertaining to Children: Offenders and Victims|206
3|8.1 Introduction|206
3|8.2 Supreme Court Decisions Relating to Parents and Their Children|208
3|8.3 Summary of the Family Law Cases|209
4|8.3.1 Ex Parte Crouse (1838)|209
4|8.3.2 Stanley v. Illinois (1973)|210
4|8.3.3 Santosky v. Kramer (1982)|210
4|8.3.4 DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services (1989)|211
4|8.3.5 Troxel v. Granville (2000)|211
3|8.4 Interaction Between the Police and Juveniles|212
3|8.5 Juvenile Rights Pertaining to Questioning, Interrogation, and Custody by the Police|214
4|8.5.1 Haley v. Ohio (1948)|214
4|8.5.2 Gallegos v. Colorado (1962)|214
4|8.5.3 Miranda v. Arizona (1966)|215
4|8.5.4 Wade v. U.S. (1967)|215
4|8.5.5 Simmons v. U.S. (1968)|215
4|8.5.6 Fare v. Michael C. (1979)|216
4|8.5.7 New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1984)|217
4|8.5.8 Yarborough v. Alvarado (2004)|217
4|8.5.9 J.D.B. v. North Carolina (2011)|218
3|8.6 Court Cases Pertaining to Release and Preventive Detention of Juveniles|218
4|8.6.1 McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)|219
4|8.6.2 Schall v. Martin (1984)|220
3|8.7 Supreme Court Cases Pertaining to Petitioned Juvenile Court Cases|220
4|8.7.1 Kent v. U.S. (1966)|221
4|8.7.2 Gault v. Arizona (1967)|222
4|8.7.3 In re Winship (1970)|222
4|8.7.4 McKiever v. Pennsylvania (1971)|223
4|8.7.5 Breed v. Jones (1974)|223
3|8.8 Supreme Court Cases Related to Juvenile Dispositions|224
4|8.8.1 Eddings v. Oklahoma (1982)|225
4|8.8.2 Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988)|225
4|8.8.3 Roper v. Simmons (2005)|225
4|8.8.4 Graham v. Florida (2010)|226
3|8.9 Juveniles’ Right to Treatment When Under Juvenile Justice Supervision and Care|226
3|8.10 The Interplay of State Legislation and Court Decisions|227
3|8.11 Summary|228
3|8.12 Discussion Questions|230
3|8.13 Court Cases|231
3|References|232
2|Chapter 9: Perspectives on Children as Victims of Abuse and Neglect|233
3|9.1 Introduction|233
3|9.2 Primary Victimizers|234
3|9.3 What Are Child Abuse and Neglect?|235
3|9.4 Process for Reporting and Investigating Child Abuse|238
3|9.5 Extent and Nature of Child Maltreatment|239
3|9.6 Documentation of Child Maltreatment|240
3|9.7 Sexual Exploitation and Abuse of Children|242
4|9.7.1 The Incidence of Sexual Abuse of Children|242
4|9.7.2 Sources of Referrals on Child Abuse|243
4|9.7.3 Victim-Precipitated Abuse|244
4|9.7.4 The Generational Theory of Child Abuse|245
3|9.8 Risk Factors of Children|246
4|9.8.1 Identifying Child Abuse and Neglect|248
3|9.9 Legislation Directed Toward Protecting Maltreated Children|250
3|9.10 Juvenile Court Process in Neglect and Abuse Cases|251
4|9.10.1 Special Consideration Giving to Victims of Abuse or Neglect|253
4|9.10.2 Dispositions in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases|254
3|9.11 Criminal Prosecution of Child Abusers|255
3|9.12 The Criminal Court Process|255
3|9.13 Prevention Programs|257
3|9.14 Summary|258
3|9.15 Discussion Questions|260
3|References|260
2|Chapter 10: The Police Role in Delinquency Prevention and Control|262
3|10.1 Introduction|262
3|10.2 Police Work with Juveniles|264
4|10.2.1 Police Response to Misbehavior of Youth|266
4|10.2.2 Police Discretion in Responding to Youth Misbehavior|267
4|10.2.3 Police Juvenile Diversion Programs|269
4|10.2.4 Factors Influencing Police Decisions to Take Youths into Custody|270
3|10.3 Police Procedures and Juvenile Rights|271
4|10.3.1 Questioning and Interrogation Procedures|271
4|10.3.2 Identification Procedures|272
4|10.3.3 Fingerprinting and Photographing Juveniles|273
3|10.4 Specialized Police Units|274
4|10.4.1 Investigating Offenses Against Children|274
4|10.4.2 Juvenile Bureau|275
4|10.4.3 Police Youth Gang Control Units|276
3|10.5 Police Role in Community and School Programs for Delinquency Prevention|278
3|10.6 Community Policing|279
3|10.7 Summary|281
3|10.8 Discussion Questions|282
3|References|282
2|Chapter 11: Processing the Juvenile Offender: Diversion, Informal Handling, and Special Dockets|284
3|11.1 Introduction|284
3|11.2 Sources of Juvenile Court Referrals|287
4|11.2.1 Types of Offenders|287
4|11.2.2 Number of Cases Processed|287
3|11.3 The Juvenile Court Process and Diversion from Official Involvement|288
4|11.3.1 Four Phases of Informal Handling by the Court|289
4|11.3.2 The Petition|290
4|11.3.3 Intake Functions|291
4|11.3.4 Custody of Parents or Temporary Detention|291
4|11.3.5 Diversion at Juvenile Court Intake|293
3|11.4 Juvenile Court Diversion Programs|295
4|11.4.1 The Safe Harbor Program|295
4|11.4.2 Truancy Mediation Diversion Program|295
4|11.4.3 Diversion in Traffic Court|296
3|11.5 Juvenile Diversion Programs in the Community|297
4|11.5.1 Youth Courts|297
4|11.5.2 Diversion of Females|299
4|11.5.3 Critiques of Diversion|299
3|11.6 Summary|300
3|11.7 Discussion Questions|301
3|References|302
2|Chapter 12: The Juvenile Court Process|304
3|12.1 Introduction|304
3|12.2 Sources of Juvenile Court Referrals|306
4|12.2.1 The Petition|306
4|12.2.2 The Intake Functions|307
4|12.2.3 Release or Temporary Detention|307
3|12.3 Official Processing of Juvenile Offenders|309
4|12.3.1 Traffic Court|309
4|12.3.2 Hearing to Transfer to Criminal Court|313
4|12.3.3 The Waiver Hearing|314
4|12.3.4 The Prehearing Conference|317
4|12.3.5 Role of the Prosecutor|317
4|12.3.6 Role of the Defense Attorney|318
4|12.3.7 Role of the Juvenile Court Judge|322
4|12.3.8 Adjudication Hearing|331
4|12.3.9 Disposition Hearing|332
4|12.3.10 Sentencing of Juveniles Adjudicated in Criminal Court|333
3|12.4 Summary|334
3|12.5 Discussion Questions|335
3|References|336
2|Chapter 13: Probation and Community-Based Programs|337
3|13.1 Introduction|337
3|13.2 Historical Development of Probation|338
3|13.3 Definition on Probation|339
3|13.4 Adjudicated Delinquents on Probation|340
3|13.5 The Probation Process|341
3|13.6 Tasks Performed by Juvenile Probation Officers|343
4|13.6.1 Investigator|344
4|13.6.2 Case Management|345
4|13.6.3 The Case Plan|348
4|13.6.4 Service Provider and Research Broker|351
3|13.7 Supervision of High Risk Probationers|354
3|13.8 Probation Revocation|356
3|13.9 Community Residential Treatment for Delinquents|356
4|13.9.1 The Provo Experiment|357
4|13.9.2 Kentfields|357
4|13.9.3 Home Detention|361
4|13.9.4 Restitution and Community Service|362
3|13.10 Summary|365
3|13.11 Discussion Questions|366
3|References|367
2|Chapter 14: Perspectives on Juveniles Incarcerated in Secure Facilities|369
3|14.1 Introduction|369
3|14.2 History of Juvenile Institutions in America|371
4|14.2.1 Orphan Trains|372
3|14.3 Types of Correctional Facilities for Juveniles|374
4|14.3.1 Detention Centers|374
4|14.3.2 Juveniles in Adult Jails|379
4|14.3.3 Shelter Homes|380
4|14.3.4 Reception or Diagnostic Centers|380
3|14.4 Long-Term Secure Facilities|381
3|14.5 Unit Management (Functional Units) Organizational Model|383
3|14.6 Classification of Residents: Based on Security Risks and Special Needs|384
3|14.7 Treatment Programs in Secure Institutions: Academic and Vocational Education, Individual and Group Counseling, Recreational Activities|385
3|14.8 Factors That Inhibit the Effectiveness of Institutional Programming|388
3|14.9 The Juvenile’s Response to Institutional Life|389
3|14.10 Victimization and Violence in Institutions|390
3|14.11 Institutional Effectiveness|390
3|14.12 Normalization|391
3|14.13 Summary|392
3|14.14 Discussion Questions|393
3|References|394
2|Chapter 15: Parole and Community Supervision|396
3|15.1 Introduction|396
4|15.1.1 Case I: Teen Charged In Attack|396
4|15.1.2 Case II: Teen Suspected in Chapel Hill Robbery|397
3|15.2 The Juvenile Parole (Aftercare) Decision|397
3|15.3 The Parole (Aftercare) Process|400
3|15.4 Preparation for Release|401
3|15.5 The Parole (Aftercare) Treatment Plan|402
4|15.5.1 General and Special Rules of Parole|403
4|15.5.2 Discharge from Parole|403
3|15.6 Parole Revocation|404
4|15.6.1 The Revocation Process|404
4|15.6.2 Youth’s Rights at a Revocation Hearing|405
3|15.7 The Effectiveness of Parole (Aftercare)|405
3|15.8 Intensive Parole Supervision for High-Risk Juvenile Offenders|406
4|15.8.1 Developing Intensive Supervision Case Management Plans|407
4|15.8.2 Implementing Intensive Supervision Case Management|408
4|15.8.3 Effectiveness of Intensive Parole|408
3|15.9 Parole and Residential Treatment|409
4|15.9.1 History of the Halfway House Movement|410
3|15.10 Community Corrections Centers|411
4|15.10.1 Highfields|411
4|15.10.2 Volunteers|412
3|15.11 Summary|412
3|15.12 Discussion Questions|413
3|References|414
2|Chapter 16: Counseling and Treatment of Juvenile Offenders|416
3|16.1 Introduction|416
3|16.2 Treatment Personnel and Definition of Treatment|418
4|16.2.1 The Application of Management Principles to the Implementation of Treatment Programs|419
4|16.2.2 Management of Treatment Programs|420
3|16.3 Interviewing: The Initial Contact|421
3|16.4 Types of Interviewing|422
4|16.4.1 Cognitive Interview|422
4|16.4.2 The Motivational Interview|423
4|16.4.3 The Counseling Interview|423
3|16.5 The Decision to Use Individual or Group Treatment|423
3|16.6 The Role of Treatment Personnel|424
3|16.7 Specific Treatment Techniques|425
4|16.7.1 Psychotherapy|425
4|16.7.2 Reality Therapy|426
4|16.7.3 Brief Therapy|427
4|16.7.4 Crisis Intervention|427
4|16.7.5 Assertiveness Training|428
4|16.7.6 Behavior Modification|429
4|16.7.7 Milieu Therapy|431
4|16.7.8 Group Work|432
4|16.7.9 Guided Group Interaction and Positive Peer Culture|433
4|16.7.10 Family Counseling|433
4|16.7.11 Anger Management|434
3|16.8 Treatment Techniques for Specific Types of Offenders|435
4|16.8.1 Art Therapy|435
4|16.8.2 Treatment Programs for Sex Offenders|436
4|16.8.3 Programs for Substance Abusers|436
4|16.8.4 Drug Courts|437
3|16.9 Treatment Effectiveness|439
3|16.10 Summary|440
3|16.11 Discussion Questions|441
3|References|442
1|Index|444
1|Acknowledgments|10
1|Contents|12
1|About the Authors|23
1|Part I: Definition, Scope, and Trends in Juvenile Delinquency|25
2|Chapter 1: The Transition of Child to Adult|28
3|1.1 Introduction|28
3|1.2 Societal Reaction to Youthful Misbehavior|28
4|1.2.1 Children in the Middle Ages|30
4|1.2.2 The Renaissance and the Development of Interest in Children|31
4|1.2.3 Childhood in Colonial America|32
4|1.2.4 Childhood During the Period of Industrialization and Immigration|33
3|1.3 Houses of Refuge|34
3|1.4 Compulsory Education|35
3|1.5 Origins of the Juvenile Court|36
4|1.5.1 The Child Savers|37
4|1.5.2 Creation of the First Juvenile Court|38
3|1.6 Extent of Delinquency|38
3|1.7 The Concept Juvenile|42
4|1.7.1 Status Offenders|43
3|1.8 Measuring Juvenile Delinquency|43
3|1.9 Officially Recorded Delinquency|44
4|1.9.1 Comparison of Arrests of Female and Male Juveniles|45
3|1.10 Referrals to the Juvenile Courts|46
3|1.11 Juveniles Tried as Adult Criminals|47
4|1.11.1 Self-Reported Delinquency|48
3|1.12 Summary|50
3|1.13 Discussion Questions|51
3|References|52
2|Chapter 2: Past and Current Bio-Social Perspectives on Delinquency Causation|54
3|2.1 Introduction|54
3|2.2 The Theory Development Process|58
4|2.2.1 The Classical School|59
3|2.3 The Classical and Neoclassical Theories|61
4|2.3.1 Neoclassical Thought|61
4|2.3.2 The Biological School|62
3|2.4 Heredity-Based Theories|64
4|2.4.1 Current Biological Explanations of Delinquency|65
3|2.5 Biochemical Explanations|66
3|2.6 Hyperactivity and Learning Disabilities|67
4|2.6.1 Twin Research|68
3|2.7 Studies of Adopted Children|68
3|2.8 Summary|69
3|2.9 Discussion Questions|70
3|References|71
2|Chapter 3: Social-Psychological Theories of Delinquency|73
3|3.1 Introduction|73
3|3.2 Psychoanalytic Theories of Crime and Delinquency|74
3|3.3 Moral Development Theories|76
3|3.4 Cognitive Development Theories|77
3|3.5 Coping Mechanisms Used by Adolescents|78
3|3.6 Personality Trait Explanations of Delinquency|80
3|3.7 Personality Measurement Methods to Ascertain Behavior Disorders|81
3|3.8 The Criminal Personality|82
3|3.9 The Development of Self-Control, Introspection, and Resilience|84
3|3.10 The Psychopathic, Sociopathic, and Conduct Disorder Personalities|86
3|3.11 Mental Illness and Delinquency|87
3|3.12 Summary|89
3|3.13 Discussion Questions|90
3|References|91
2|Chapter 4: Social Organization Perspectives on Delinquency Causation|93
3|4.1 Introduction|93
3|4.2 Social Strain Theory|93
4|4.2.1 Homelessness|94
4|4.2.2 Effects of Poverty|95
3|4.3 Environmental Influences on Delinquency|95
3|4.4 Social Organizational Perspectives|96
4|4.4.1 Delinquency Areas|96
4|4.4.2 Delinquency and Drift|98
3|4.5 Routine Activities|99
4|4.5.1 Intergenerational Conflict Theory|99
3|4.6 Anomie and Delinquency|100
4|4.6.1 Reaction Formation Defense Mechanisms|101
4|4.6.2 Lack of Opportunity and Delinquency|102
4|4.6.3 Stress Factors Relating to Delinquency|102
3|4.7 Social Learning Theory|103
4|4.7.1 Differential Association Theory|105
4|4.7.2 Differential Reinforcement Theory|106
4|4.7.3 Risky Life Styles and Delinquency|106
4|4.7.4 The Influence of Mass Media and Internet Violence on Adolescent Behavior|107
4|4.7.5 The Culture of Violence|110
3|4.8 Social-Psychological Explanations of Delinquency|111
4|4.8.1 The Gluecks’ Multiple-Factor Approach|111
4|4.8.2 Containment Theory|112
4|4.8.3 Social Control/Bonding Theory|112
3|4.9 Summary|115
3|4.10 Discussion Questions|115
3|References|116
2|Chapter 5: Perspectives on Interpersonal Relationships in the Family|120
3|5.1 Introduction|120
3|5.2 Historical Development of the Role of Children in the Family|122
4|5.2.1 Development of the Legal Concept “Child”|123
4|5.2.2 Children in the United States|124
4|5.2.3 Houses of Refuge|125
4|5.2.4 Compulsory Education|126
4|5.2.5 Origins of the Legal Status of Children|126
3|5.3 Significant Cases Pertaining to Parent–Child Relations|127
4|5.3.1 State Obligations to Protect a Child Under State Supervision|128
4|5.3.2 Juvenile Rights Pertaining to the Family|129
3|5.4 The Family and Delinquency|130
4|5.4.1 Delinquency and Disrupted Family Structure|131
4|5.4.2 Child Emancipation|132
4|5.4.3 Socialization in the Family and Delinquency|133
4|5.4.4 Family Violence and Delinquency|133
4|5.4.5 Delinquency and Parental Rejection|134
4|5.4.6 Relationship of Parental Discipline to Delinquency|135
3|5.5 Counseling Families and Juvenile Offenders|135
3|5.6 Summary|136
3|5.7 Discussion Questions|138
3|References|138
2|Chapter 6: Perspectives on Gangs and Peer Group Influences Pertaining to Delinquency Causation|140
3|6.1 Introduction|140
3|6.2 Definition of Gangs and Scope of the Problem|141
4|6.2.1 Number of Youth Gangs and Gang Membership|142
3|6.3 The History of Gang Development|143
4|6.3.1 Gang Behavior in the 1970s|145
4|6.3.2 Gang Behavior in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s|146
3|6.4 Theories of Gang Formation|149
4|6.4.1 Thrasher’s Theory of Gang Development|149
4|6.4.2 Research of the Chicago School|150
4|6.4.3 Lower-Class Culture|150
4|6.4.4 Delinquency and Opportunity|152
4|6.4.5 Research Findings on Criminal Gangs|153
4|6.4.6 Research Findings on Youth Gangs|154
4|6.4.7 Drug and Alcohol Use by Gang Members|157
4|6.4.8 The Underclass as a Generating Milieu for Gang Formation|158
4|6.4.9 Motivation for Joining a Gang|159
4|6.4.10 Development of the Gang|161
3|6.5 Variations in Gang Membership and Structures|162
4|6.5.1 Female Gangs|162
4|6.5.2 Suburban, and Small-Town Gangs|163
3|6.6 Control of Youth Gangs|164
4|6.6.1 Community Organization for Gang Control|165
4|6.6.2 Social Intervention|165
4|6.6.3 Opportunities Provision|166
4|6.6.4 Special Police Gang Units|166
4|6.6.5 Legislation for Youth Gang Prevention and Control|167
3|6.7 Summary|168
3|6.8 Discussion Questions|169
3|References|170
2|Chapter 7: Perspectives on Delinquency and Violence in the Schools|173
3|7.1 Introduction|173
3|7.2 The Socialization Process: Rewards and Punishments|175
3|7.3 School Environment and Delinquency|177
4|7.3.1 School Climate and School Disorder|179
4|7.3.2 Use of Medication as a Control Mechanism|180
4|7.3.3 Aspirations of Students, Fear of Failure and Delinquency|181
3|7.4 Learning Disabilities and Delinquency in the Schools|182
3|7.5 School Drop Out and Delinquency|183
3|7.6 Removal from School—Suspension and Expulsion|184
3|7.7 Alternative School Programs|186
3|7.8 The Amount of Crime in Schools|188
4|7.8.1 Characteristics of Offenders|188
4|7.8.2 Types of Offenses Reported|189
4|7.8.3 Property Crimes in the Schools|189
4|7.8.4 Arrestees of Crimes in Schools|190
3|7.9 School Shootings|190
4|7.9.1 Victims of School Violence|191
5|7.9.1.1 Terrorist Attacks on Schools|191
5|7.9.1.2 Bullying in Schools, in the Community and on the Internet|192
4|7.9.2 Approaches to Prevention of Bullying in the Schools|192
4|7.9.3 Security Programs to Prevent School Shootings and Violence|194
5|7.9.3.1 The Use of School Resource Officers: A School, Police, Community Team Approach|196
5|7.9.3.2 Potential for Role Conflict for Police in Schools|197
3|7.10 Summary|198
3|7.11 Discussion Questions|200
3|References|200
1|Part II: Youth in the Juvenile Justice System|203
2|Chapter 8: Laws and Court Cases Pertaining to Children: Offenders and Victims|206
3|8.1 Introduction|206
3|8.2 Supreme Court Decisions Relating to Parents and Their Children|208
3|8.3 Summary of the Family Law Cases|209
4|8.3.1 Ex Parte Crouse (1838)|209
4|8.3.2 Stanley v. Illinois (1973)|210
4|8.3.3 Santosky v. Kramer (1982)|210
4|8.3.4 DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services (1989)|211
4|8.3.5 Troxel v. Granville (2000)|211
3|8.4 Interaction Between the Police and Juveniles|212
3|8.5 Juvenile Rights Pertaining to Questioning, Interrogation, and Custody by the Police|214
4|8.5.1 Haley v. Ohio (1948)|214
4|8.5.2 Gallegos v. Colorado (1962)|214
4|8.5.3 Miranda v. Arizona (1966)|215
4|8.5.4 Wade v. U.S. (1967)|215
4|8.5.5 Simmons v. U.S. (1968)|215
4|8.5.6 Fare v. Michael C. (1979)|216
4|8.5.7 New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1984)|217
4|8.5.8 Yarborough v. Alvarado (2004)|217
4|8.5.9 J.D.B. v. North Carolina (2011)|218
3|8.6 Court Cases Pertaining to Release and Preventive Detention of Juveniles|218
4|8.6.1 McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)|219
4|8.6.2 Schall v. Martin (1984)|220
3|8.7 Supreme Court Cases Pertaining to Petitioned Juvenile Court Cases|220
4|8.7.1 Kent v. U.S. (1966)|221
4|8.7.2 Gault v. Arizona (1967)|222
4|8.7.3 In re Winship (1970)|222
4|8.7.4 McKiever v. Pennsylvania (1971)|223
4|8.7.5 Breed v. Jones (1974)|223
3|8.8 Supreme Court Cases Related to Juvenile Dispositions|224
4|8.8.1 Eddings v. Oklahoma (1982)|225
4|8.8.2 Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988)|225
4|8.8.3 Roper v. Simmons (2005)|225
4|8.8.4 Graham v. Florida (2010)|226
3|8.9 Juveniles’ Right to Treatment When Under Juvenile Justice Supervision and Care|226
3|8.10 The Interplay of State Legislation and Court Decisions|227
3|8.11 Summary|228
3|8.12 Discussion Questions|230
3|8.13 Court Cases|231
3|References|232
2|Chapter 9: Perspectives on Children as Victims of Abuse and Neglect|233
3|9.1 Introduction|233
3|9.2 Primary Victimizers|234
3|9.3 What Are Child Abuse and Neglect?|235
3|9.4 Process for Reporting and Investigating Child Abuse|238
3|9.5 Extent and Nature of Child Maltreatment|239
3|9.6 Documentation of Child Maltreatment|240
3|9.7 Sexual Exploitation and Abuse of Children|242
4|9.7.1 The Incidence of Sexual Abuse of Children|242
4|9.7.2 Sources of Referrals on Child Abuse|243
4|9.7.3 Victim-Precipitated Abuse|244
4|9.7.4 The Generational Theory of Child Abuse|245
3|9.8 Risk Factors of Children|246
4|9.8.1 Identifying Child Abuse and Neglect|248
3|9.9 Legislation Directed Toward Protecting Maltreated Children|250
3|9.10 Juvenile Court Process in Neglect and Abuse Cases|251
4|9.10.1 Special Consideration Giving to Victims of Abuse or Neglect|253
4|9.10.2 Dispositions in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases|254
3|9.11 Criminal Prosecution of Child Abusers|255
3|9.12 The Criminal Court Process|255
3|9.13 Prevention Programs|257
3|9.14 Summary|258
3|9.15 Discussion Questions|260
3|References|260
2|Chapter 10: The Police Role in Delinquency Prevention and Control|262
3|10.1 Introduction|262
3|10.2 Police Work with Juveniles|264
4|10.2.1 Police Response to Misbehavior of Youth|266
4|10.2.2 Police Discretion in Responding to Youth Misbehavior|267
4|10.2.3 Police Juvenile Diversion Programs|269
4|10.2.4 Factors Influencing Police Decisions to Take Youths into Custody|270
3|10.3 Police Procedures and Juvenile Rights|271
4|10.3.1 Questioning and Interrogation Procedures|271
4|10.3.2 Identification Procedures|272
4|10.3.3 Fingerprinting and Photographing Juveniles|273
3|10.4 Specialized Police Units|274
4|10.4.1 Investigating Offenses Against Children|274
4|10.4.2 Juvenile Bureau|275
4|10.4.3 Police Youth Gang Control Units|276
3|10.5 Police Role in Community and School Programs for Delinquency Prevention|278
3|10.6 Community Policing|279
3|10.7 Summary|281
3|10.8 Discussion Questions|282
3|References|282
2|Chapter 11: Processing the Juvenile Offender: Diversion, Informal Handling, and Special Dockets|284
3|11.1 Introduction|284
3|11.2 Sources of Juvenile Court Referrals|287
4|11.2.1 Types of Offenders|287
4|11.2.2 Number of Cases Processed|287
3|11.3 The Juvenile Court Process and Diversion from Official Involvement|288
4|11.3.1 Four Phases of Informal Handling by the Court|289
4|11.3.2 The Petition|290
4|11.3.3 Intake Functions|291
4|11.3.4 Custody of Parents or Temporary Detention|291
4|11.3.5 Diversion at Juvenile Court Intake|293
3|11.4 Juvenile Court Diversion Programs|295
4|11.4.1 The Safe Harbor Program|295
4|11.4.2 Truancy Mediation Diversion Program|295
4|11.4.3 Diversion in Traffic Court|296
3|11.5 Juvenile Diversion Programs in the Community|297
4|11.5.1 Youth Courts|297
4|11.5.2 Diversion of Females|299
4|11.5.3 Critiques of Diversion|299
3|11.6 Summary|300
3|11.7 Discussion Questions|301
3|References|302
2|Chapter 12: The Juvenile Court Process|304
3|12.1 Introduction|304
3|12.2 Sources of Juvenile Court Referrals|306
4|12.2.1 The Petition|306
4|12.2.2 The Intake Functions|307
4|12.2.3 Release or Temporary Detention|307
3|12.3 Official Processing of Juvenile Offenders|309
4|12.3.1 Traffic Court|309
4|12.3.2 Hearing to Transfer to Criminal Court|313
4|12.3.3 The Waiver Hearing|314
4|12.3.4 The Prehearing Conference|317
4|12.3.5 Role of the Prosecutor|317
4|12.3.6 Role of the Defense Attorney|318
4|12.3.7 Role of the Juvenile Court Judge|322
4|12.3.8 Adjudication Hearing|331
4|12.3.9 Disposition Hearing|332
4|12.3.10 Sentencing of Juveniles Adjudicated in Criminal Court|333
3|12.4 Summary|334
3|12.5 Discussion Questions|335
3|References|336
2|Chapter 13: Probation and Community-Based Programs|337
3|13.1 Introduction|337
3|13.2 Historical Development of Probation|338
3|13.3 Definition on Probation|339
3|13.4 Adjudicated Delinquents on Probation|340
3|13.5 The Probation Process|341
3|13.6 Tasks Performed by Juvenile Probation Officers|343
4|13.6.1 Investigator|344
4|13.6.2 Case Management|345
4|13.6.3 The Case Plan|348
4|13.6.4 Service Provider and Research Broker|351
3|13.7 Supervision of High Risk Probationers|354
3|13.8 Probation Revocation|356
3|13.9 Community Residential Treatment for Delinquents|356
4|13.9.1 The Provo Experiment|357
4|13.9.2 Kentfields|357
4|13.9.3 Home Detention|361
4|13.9.4 Restitution and Community Service|362
3|13.10 Summary|365
3|13.11 Discussion Questions|366
3|References|367
2|Chapter 14: Perspectives on Juveniles Incarcerated in Secure Facilities|369
3|14.1 Introduction|369
3|14.2 History of Juvenile Institutions in America|371
4|14.2.1 Orphan Trains|372
3|14.3 Types of Correctional Facilities for Juveniles|374
4|14.3.1 Detention Centers|374
4|14.3.2 Juveniles in Adult Jails|379
4|14.3.3 Shelter Homes|380
4|14.3.4 Reception or Diagnostic Centers|380
3|14.4 Long-Term Secure Facilities|381
3|14.5 Unit Management (Functional Units) Organizational Model|383
3|14.6 Classification of Residents: Based on Security Risks and Special Needs|384
3|14.7 Treatment Programs in Secure Institutions: Academic and Vocational Education, Individual and Group Counseling, Recreational Activities|385
3|14.8 Factors That Inhibit the Effectiveness of Institutional Programming|388
3|14.9 The Juvenile’s Response to Institutional Life|389
3|14.10 Victimization and Violence in Institutions|390
3|14.11 Institutional Effectiveness|390
3|14.12 Normalization|391
3|14.13 Summary|392
3|14.14 Discussion Questions|393
3|References|394
2|Chapter 15: Parole and Community Supervision|396
3|15.1 Introduction|396
4|15.1.1 Case I: Teen Charged In Attack|396
4|15.1.2 Case II: Teen Suspected in Chapel Hill Robbery|397
3|15.2 The Juvenile Parole (Aftercare) Decision|397
3|15.3 The Parole (Aftercare) Process|400
3|15.4 Preparation for Release|401
3|15.5 The Parole (Aftercare) Treatment Plan|402
4|15.5.1 General and Special Rules of Parole|403
4|15.5.2 Discharge from Parole|403
3|15.6 Parole Revocation|404
4|15.6.1 The Revocation Process|404
4|15.6.2 Youth’s Rights at a Revocation Hearing|405
3|15.7 The Effectiveness of Parole (Aftercare)|405
3|15.8 Intensive Parole Supervision for High-Risk Juvenile Offenders|406
4|15.8.1 Developing Intensive Supervision Case Management Plans|407
4|15.8.2 Implementing Intensive Supervision Case Management|408
4|15.8.3 Effectiveness of Intensive Parole|408
3|15.9 Parole and Residential Treatment|409
4|15.9.1 History of the Halfway House Movement|410
3|15.10 Community Corrections Centers|411
4|15.10.1 Highfields|411
4|15.10.2 Volunteers|412
3|15.11 Summary|412
3|15.12 Discussion Questions|413
3|References|414
2|Chapter 16: Counseling and Treatment of Juvenile Offenders|416
3|16.1 Introduction|416
3|16.2 Treatment Personnel and Definition of Treatment|418
4|16.2.1 The Application of Management Principles to the Implementation of Treatment Programs|419
4|16.2.2 Management of Treatment Programs|420
3|16.3 Interviewing: The Initial Contact|421
3|16.4 Types of Interviewing|422
4|16.4.1 Cognitive Interview|422
4|16.4.2 The Motivational Interview|423
4|16.4.3 The Counseling Interview|423
3|16.5 The Decision to Use Individual or Group Treatment|423
3|16.6 The Role of Treatment Personnel|424
3|16.7 Specific Treatment Techniques|425
4|16.7.1 Psychotherapy|425
4|16.7.2 Reality Therapy|426
4|16.7.3 Brief Therapy|427
4|16.7.4 Crisis Intervention|427
4|16.7.5 Assertiveness Training|428
4|16.7.6 Behavior Modification|429
4|16.7.7 Milieu Therapy|431
4|16.7.8 Group Work|432
4|16.7.9 Guided Group Interaction and Positive Peer Culture|433
4|16.7.10 Family Counseling|433
4|16.7.11 Anger Management|434
3|16.8 Treatment Techniques for Specific Types of Offenders|435
4|16.8.1 Art Therapy|435
4|16.8.2 Treatment Programs for Sex Offenders|436
4|16.8.3 Programs for Substance Abusers|436
4|16.8.4 Drug Courts|437
3|16.9 Treatment Effectiveness|439
3|16.10 Summary|440
3|16.11 Discussion Questions|441
3|References|442
1|Index|444