File #2844: "2020_Book_EnvironmentalJurisdictionInThe.pdf"
Text
1|Acknowledgements|5
1|Contents|7
1|Abbreviations|12
1|Chapter 1: Introduction: Setting the Stage|14
2|1.1 Factual Background and Theoretical Framework|14
2|1.2 Subject Matter|19
2|1.3 Problemfelder|21
2|1.4 Research Questions|24
2|1.5 Structure|26
2|1.6 Methodology|26
2|1.7 Terminological Notes|28
2|References|30
2|Jurisprudence|31
1|Chapter 2: The General International Legal Regime of the Continental Shelf|32
2|2.1 The Law of the Sea as a Special Legal Regime of Public International Law|33
2|2.2 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: Cornerstone of the New Law of the Sea|36
2|2.3 Definition of Continental Shelf Within and Beyond 200 nm|41
2|2.4 Core Principles of the Continental Shelf Regime|46
3|2.4.1 Natural Prolongation vs Distance|48
3|2.4.2 Inherent Entitlement|50
3|2.4.3 Sovereign and Exclusive Rights|52
2|2.5 Partial Conclusions|56
2|References|57
2|Reports|59
1|Chapter 3: The Continental Shelf Beyond 200 nm: Innovations in Art. 76 UNCLOS|60
2|3.1 Enlarged Coastal State Jurisdiction Over the Continental Margin|60
2|3.2 Formulae to Precise the Outer Edge of the Continental Margin and the Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf|66
2|3.3 Delineating: The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf|69
3|3.3.1 Challenges to the Work of the Commission|72
3|3.3.2 The Commission´s Arduous Way Ahead|74
4|3.3.2.1 Interpreting the Convention|74
4|3.3.2.2 Composition and Integrity of CLCS Members|77
4|3.3.2.3 Transparency and Confidentiality: A Classical Trade-Off|78
2|3.4 Delimiting and Delineating: The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea|81
3|3.4.1 Maritime Delimitation of Continental Shelves Beyond 200 nm|84
3|3.4.2 Delineation: Compulsory Judicial Accountability of the Commission|87
2|3.5 Benefits of Delineating the Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf|90
2|3.6 Partial Conclusions|92
2|References|94
2|Resolutions|96
1|Chapter 4: Sovereignty and Jurisdiction in the Law of the Sea|98
2|4.1 Sovereignty and Jurisdiction in International Law|100
2|4.2 From Sovereignty to Jurisdiction in International Law: Bases of Jurisdiction|104
3|4.2.1 Forms of Jurisdiction: Prescriptive, of Enforcement and Adjudicative|106
3|4.2.2 Content of Jurisdiction: Civil, Criminal and Environmental|108
2|4.3 From Sovereignty to Progressive Jurisdiction in the New Law of the Sea|110
3|4.3.1 Coastal State Sovereignty in the Territorial Sea|112
3|4.3.2 States´ Authority in the Area: Limitations Imposed by the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle|114
3|4.3.3 Progressive and Functional Jurisdiction in the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf|116
2|4.4 Partial Conclusions|119
2|References|120
2|Resolutions|121
2|Jurisprudence|121
1|Chapter 5: Jurisdictional Intersections Between the Continental Shelf and Other Maritime Spaces: Exclusive Economic Zone, High...|122
2|5.1 The Continental Shelf and the EEZ: Parallelism and Integration|123
2|5.2 The Continental Shelf and the High Seas: The Superjacent Waters of the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 nm|127
2|5.3 The Outer Continental Shelf and the Area|129
3|5.3.1 Relationship Between the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Definition of the Outer Limits of the Continental ...|130
3|5.3.2 Controversies Regarding the Size of the Area and the Emergence of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 nm|139
3|5.3.3 Revenue-Sharing Mechanism of the Outer Continental Shelf|144
2|5.4 Partial Conclusions|148
2|References|149
2|Resolutions|151
1|Chapter 6: Creeping Jurisdiction in the Law of the Sea: Threat to Navigational Freedoms or Stand Against ``Spoliative Jurisdic...|153
2|6.1 Context of the Practice Known as ``Creeping Jurisdiction´´|154
2|6.2 Definition of ``Creeping Jurisdiction´´|158
2|6.3 Reasons for Alarm?|161
3|6.3.1 Pre-UNCLOS State Practice|162
3|6.3.2 Post-UNCLOS State Practice|168
2|6.4 Coastal States´ Jurisdictional Expansion from an Environmental Perspective: Creeping Jurisdiction or Valid Attempt at Rais...|175
3|6.4.1 Avoiding the Wholesale Use of the Phrase ``Creeping Jurisdiction´´|176
3|6.4.2 Asserting Jurisdiction as a Means of Pushing for Changes in the Law|178
3|6.4.3 Exercising Increased Powers to Protect the Marine Environment|183
3|6.4.4 Reducing Tensions Between Military Security Interests and the Protection of the Marine Environment|186
2|6.5 Partial Conclusions|194
2|References|197
2|Jurisprudence|200
1|Chapter 7: Legal Basis of Coastal States´ Environmental Jurisdiction on the Continental Shelf|201
2|7.1 The Role of Law in Protecting Nature: Birth of an Obligation to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment|205
3|7.1.1 Historical Track of the International Obligation to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment|208
3|7.1.2 Marine Environmental Protection and the Consolidation of the Ecosystem Approach|211
2|7.2 Coastal States´ Environmental Jurisdiction in the Law of the Sea: Seeing Beyond Part XII UNCLOS|213
3|7.2.1 Definition of Environmental Jurisdiction in International Law|215
3|7.2.2 Environmental Jurisdiction on the Continental Shelf|217
3|7.2.3 The Right-Duty to Manage the Continental Shelf|220
2|7.3 Partial Conclusions|227
2|References|229
2|Jurisprudence|231
1|Chapter 8: Material Extent of Coastal States´ Environmental Jurisdiction on the Continental Shelf|232
2|8.1 Environmental Jurisdiction to Prescribe|234
3|8.1.1 First Dimension: Conservation of Marine Living Resources|234
4|8.1.1.1 Environmental Jurisdiction Over Genetic Resources of the Outer Continental Shelf|238
4|8.1.1.2 Genetic Resources in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction|241
3|8.1.2 Second Dimension: Prevention, Reduction and Control of Marine Pollution|242
2|8.2 Environmental Jurisdiction to Enforce|246
2|8.3 Partial Conclusions|255
2|References|256
2|Jurisprudence|257
1|Chapter 9: The Environmental Dimension of the ``Brazilian Blue Amazon´´: Environmental Rights and Duties on the Continental Sh...|258
2|9.1 Marine Environmental Governance in Brazil: Policies and Institutions|262
3|9.1.1 National Marine Environmental Policies at the Federal Level|266
3|9.1.2 Core Institutional Actors at the Federal Level|273
3|9.1.3 The Struggle for Coherence in Domestic Ocean Policy-Making|276
2|9.2 The Brazilian Extended Continental Shelf: A Larger Blue Amazon|281
3|9.2.1 The Brazilian Continental Shelf Survey Plan: LEPLAC|282
3|9.2.2 Status of the Brazilian Submissions|286
3|9.2.3 The Brazilian Blue Amazon: A Political Concept with Legal Implications|287
4|9.2.3.1 Sovereignty and Defense Dimension|292
4|9.2.3.2 Economic Dimension|295
4|9.2.3.3 Scientific and Technological Dimension|297
4|9.2.3.4 Environmental Dimension|298
3|9.2.4 Benefits and Risks of an Extended Blue Amazon|301
2|9.3 Partial Conclusions|303
2|References|305
1|Chapter 10: Brazilian Legal Framework Applicable to the Blue Amazon´s Seabed: An Assessment of Consistency with International ...|308
2|10.1 How Far May Brazil Go?|311
3|10.1.1 Conservation of Living Resources|312
4|10.1.1.1 Deep-Sea Fisheries on the Continental Shelf|312
4|10.1.1.2 Marine Spatial Planning|316
3|10.1.2 Prevention, Reduction and Control of Pollution|321
3|10.1.3 Marine Scientific Research|324
3|10.1.4 Bioprospection and Genetic Resources|329
2|10.2 How Far Has Brazil Gone?|330
3|10.2.1 General Rules on the Continental Shelf|331
3|10.2.2 Managing and Conserving Brazilian Living Resources|338
3|10.2.3 Marine Spatial Planning of the Brazilian Blue Amazon|341
3|10.2.4 Preventing, Reducing and Controlling Pollution from Activities on the Brazilian Continental Shelf|345
4|10.2.4.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Drilling|345
4|10.2.4.2 Mining the Brazilian Continental Shelf|350
3|10.2.5 Researching on the Brazilian Continental Shelf|354
2|References|360
2|Jurisprudence|362
1|Chapter 11: Conclusions|363
1|Contents|7
1|Abbreviations|12
1|Chapter 1: Introduction: Setting the Stage|14
2|1.1 Factual Background and Theoretical Framework|14
2|1.2 Subject Matter|19
2|1.3 Problemfelder|21
2|1.4 Research Questions|24
2|1.5 Structure|26
2|1.6 Methodology|26
2|1.7 Terminological Notes|28
2|References|30
2|Jurisprudence|31
1|Chapter 2: The General International Legal Regime of the Continental Shelf|32
2|2.1 The Law of the Sea as a Special Legal Regime of Public International Law|33
2|2.2 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: Cornerstone of the New Law of the Sea|36
2|2.3 Definition of Continental Shelf Within and Beyond 200 nm|41
2|2.4 Core Principles of the Continental Shelf Regime|46
3|2.4.1 Natural Prolongation vs Distance|48
3|2.4.2 Inherent Entitlement|50
3|2.4.3 Sovereign and Exclusive Rights|52
2|2.5 Partial Conclusions|56
2|References|57
2|Reports|59
1|Chapter 3: The Continental Shelf Beyond 200 nm: Innovations in Art. 76 UNCLOS|60
2|3.1 Enlarged Coastal State Jurisdiction Over the Continental Margin|60
2|3.2 Formulae to Precise the Outer Edge of the Continental Margin and the Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf|66
2|3.3 Delineating: The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf|69
3|3.3.1 Challenges to the Work of the Commission|72
3|3.3.2 The Commission´s Arduous Way Ahead|74
4|3.3.2.1 Interpreting the Convention|74
4|3.3.2.2 Composition and Integrity of CLCS Members|77
4|3.3.2.3 Transparency and Confidentiality: A Classical Trade-Off|78
2|3.4 Delimiting and Delineating: The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea|81
3|3.4.1 Maritime Delimitation of Continental Shelves Beyond 200 nm|84
3|3.4.2 Delineation: Compulsory Judicial Accountability of the Commission|87
2|3.5 Benefits of Delineating the Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf|90
2|3.6 Partial Conclusions|92
2|References|94
2|Resolutions|96
1|Chapter 4: Sovereignty and Jurisdiction in the Law of the Sea|98
2|4.1 Sovereignty and Jurisdiction in International Law|100
2|4.2 From Sovereignty to Jurisdiction in International Law: Bases of Jurisdiction|104
3|4.2.1 Forms of Jurisdiction: Prescriptive, of Enforcement and Adjudicative|106
3|4.2.2 Content of Jurisdiction: Civil, Criminal and Environmental|108
2|4.3 From Sovereignty to Progressive Jurisdiction in the New Law of the Sea|110
3|4.3.1 Coastal State Sovereignty in the Territorial Sea|112
3|4.3.2 States´ Authority in the Area: Limitations Imposed by the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle|114
3|4.3.3 Progressive and Functional Jurisdiction in the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf|116
2|4.4 Partial Conclusions|119
2|References|120
2|Resolutions|121
2|Jurisprudence|121
1|Chapter 5: Jurisdictional Intersections Between the Continental Shelf and Other Maritime Spaces: Exclusive Economic Zone, High...|122
2|5.1 The Continental Shelf and the EEZ: Parallelism and Integration|123
2|5.2 The Continental Shelf and the High Seas: The Superjacent Waters of the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 nm|127
2|5.3 The Outer Continental Shelf and the Area|129
3|5.3.1 Relationship Between the Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Definition of the Outer Limits of the Continental ...|130
3|5.3.2 Controversies Regarding the Size of the Area and the Emergence of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 nm|139
3|5.3.3 Revenue-Sharing Mechanism of the Outer Continental Shelf|144
2|5.4 Partial Conclusions|148
2|References|149
2|Resolutions|151
1|Chapter 6: Creeping Jurisdiction in the Law of the Sea: Threat to Navigational Freedoms or Stand Against ``Spoliative Jurisdic...|153
2|6.1 Context of the Practice Known as ``Creeping Jurisdiction´´|154
2|6.2 Definition of ``Creeping Jurisdiction´´|158
2|6.3 Reasons for Alarm?|161
3|6.3.1 Pre-UNCLOS State Practice|162
3|6.3.2 Post-UNCLOS State Practice|168
2|6.4 Coastal States´ Jurisdictional Expansion from an Environmental Perspective: Creeping Jurisdiction or Valid Attempt at Rais...|175
3|6.4.1 Avoiding the Wholesale Use of the Phrase ``Creeping Jurisdiction´´|176
3|6.4.2 Asserting Jurisdiction as a Means of Pushing for Changes in the Law|178
3|6.4.3 Exercising Increased Powers to Protect the Marine Environment|183
3|6.4.4 Reducing Tensions Between Military Security Interests and the Protection of the Marine Environment|186
2|6.5 Partial Conclusions|194
2|References|197
2|Jurisprudence|200
1|Chapter 7: Legal Basis of Coastal States´ Environmental Jurisdiction on the Continental Shelf|201
2|7.1 The Role of Law in Protecting Nature: Birth of an Obligation to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment|205
3|7.1.1 Historical Track of the International Obligation to Protect and Preserve the Marine Environment|208
3|7.1.2 Marine Environmental Protection and the Consolidation of the Ecosystem Approach|211
2|7.2 Coastal States´ Environmental Jurisdiction in the Law of the Sea: Seeing Beyond Part XII UNCLOS|213
3|7.2.1 Definition of Environmental Jurisdiction in International Law|215
3|7.2.2 Environmental Jurisdiction on the Continental Shelf|217
3|7.2.3 The Right-Duty to Manage the Continental Shelf|220
2|7.3 Partial Conclusions|227
2|References|229
2|Jurisprudence|231
1|Chapter 8: Material Extent of Coastal States´ Environmental Jurisdiction on the Continental Shelf|232
2|8.1 Environmental Jurisdiction to Prescribe|234
3|8.1.1 First Dimension: Conservation of Marine Living Resources|234
4|8.1.1.1 Environmental Jurisdiction Over Genetic Resources of the Outer Continental Shelf|238
4|8.1.1.2 Genetic Resources in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction|241
3|8.1.2 Second Dimension: Prevention, Reduction and Control of Marine Pollution|242
2|8.2 Environmental Jurisdiction to Enforce|246
2|8.3 Partial Conclusions|255
2|References|256
2|Jurisprudence|257
1|Chapter 9: The Environmental Dimension of the ``Brazilian Blue Amazon´´: Environmental Rights and Duties on the Continental Sh...|258
2|9.1 Marine Environmental Governance in Brazil: Policies and Institutions|262
3|9.1.1 National Marine Environmental Policies at the Federal Level|266
3|9.1.2 Core Institutional Actors at the Federal Level|273
3|9.1.3 The Struggle for Coherence in Domestic Ocean Policy-Making|276
2|9.2 The Brazilian Extended Continental Shelf: A Larger Blue Amazon|281
3|9.2.1 The Brazilian Continental Shelf Survey Plan: LEPLAC|282
3|9.2.2 Status of the Brazilian Submissions|286
3|9.2.3 The Brazilian Blue Amazon: A Political Concept with Legal Implications|287
4|9.2.3.1 Sovereignty and Defense Dimension|292
4|9.2.3.2 Economic Dimension|295
4|9.2.3.3 Scientific and Technological Dimension|297
4|9.2.3.4 Environmental Dimension|298
3|9.2.4 Benefits and Risks of an Extended Blue Amazon|301
2|9.3 Partial Conclusions|303
2|References|305
1|Chapter 10: Brazilian Legal Framework Applicable to the Blue Amazon´s Seabed: An Assessment of Consistency with International ...|308
2|10.1 How Far May Brazil Go?|311
3|10.1.1 Conservation of Living Resources|312
4|10.1.1.1 Deep-Sea Fisheries on the Continental Shelf|312
4|10.1.1.2 Marine Spatial Planning|316
3|10.1.2 Prevention, Reduction and Control of Pollution|321
3|10.1.3 Marine Scientific Research|324
3|10.1.4 Bioprospection and Genetic Resources|329
2|10.2 How Far Has Brazil Gone?|330
3|10.2.1 General Rules on the Continental Shelf|331
3|10.2.2 Managing and Conserving Brazilian Living Resources|338
3|10.2.3 Marine Spatial Planning of the Brazilian Blue Amazon|341
3|10.2.4 Preventing, Reducing and Controlling Pollution from Activities on the Brazilian Continental Shelf|345
4|10.2.4.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Drilling|345
4|10.2.4.2 Mining the Brazilian Continental Shelf|350
3|10.2.5 Researching on the Brazilian Continental Shelf|354
2|References|360
2|Jurisprudence|362
1|Chapter 11: Conclusions|363