File #2793: "2019_Book_TaiwanAndInternationalHumanRig.pdf"
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1|Preface|6
1|Contents|8
1|About the Editors|12
1|Introduction|14
1|1 Introduction—An Overview|15
2|1 The Story Begins with the Lifting of Martial Law in 1987|15
2|2 Human Rights Transition from Broader Perspectives|16
2|3 Institutional Setting and Voluntary Compliance with Human Rights Treaties|18
2|4 Protection of Civil and Political Rights|22
2|5 Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|24
2|6 Protection of Specific/Vulnerable Groups|26
1|2 Taiwan’s Political-Legal Progress: Memories of the KMT Dictatorship|30
2|Abstract|30
2|1 The First Visit|30
2|2 An Exciting 1969 Visit|32
2|3 Ted Kennedy and Taiwan Tensions of the 1970s|33
2|4 Annette Lu, Ma Ying-Jeou and the Assassination of Henry Liu|35
2|5 Prosecution of the Assassins|37
1|Human Rights Transition from Broader Perspectives|41
1|3 Asian Values, Confucian Tradition and Human Rights|42
2|Abstract|42
2|1 Subjecting the Head of State to the Rule of Law|43
2|2 The Rule of Li and the Rule of Law|45
2|3 Law Means Penalties v. Judiciary Means Independence|49
2|4 Education as a Government Function|53
2|5 Transforming the Absolute-Power Relationship into Constitutional Relations|56
2|References|58
1|4 Human Rights and Transitional Justice: Taiwan’s Adoption of the ICCPR and the Redress of 2/28 and Martial-Law-Era Injustices|60
2|Abstract|60
2|1 Introduction|60
2|2 Previous and Current Efforts to Seek Redress of the 2/28 Incident and Martial-Law Abuses|63
2|3 The Implications of ICCPR Article 2(3) for Transitional Justice|66
2|4 Taiwan, Going Forward: Retrospective Justice Without Penal Accountability|70
2|References|73
1|5 The Battlefield of Transitional Justice in Taiwan: A Relational View|76
2|Abstract|76
2|1 Introduction|76
2|2 Background: Transition Without Justice|79
2|3 Battlefield of State and Society|81
3|3.1 Preserving the Memory Sites: From Detention Centers to a National Human Rights Museum|81
3|3.2 Mini-lustration: The Recommendation and Nomination of Justices|83
2|4 Conclusion|86
2|References|87
1|6 Frozen Trials: Political Victims and Their Quest for Justice|90
2|Abstract|90
2|1 Introduction|91
2|2 Institutional Background of Political Trials During the Cold War|92
2|3 Constitutional Pathology of White Terror|94
2|4 Transitional Justice Legislation and Its Constitutional Issues|97
3|4.1 Underground Communist Members and Aboriginal Leaders|98
3|4.2 Illegitimacy of the KMT Government and Its Laws|101
3|4.3 Act for Promoting Transitional Justice of 2017|103
2|5 Concluding Remarks|103
2|References|104
1|7 Towards an Analytical Framework of Constitutionalism in East Asia: The Case of Taiwan|106
2|Abstract|106
2|1 Towards a Typology of Constitutionalism in East Asia|108
2|2 The Decline of Confucianism in Taiwan|112
2|3 Normative Implications|117
2|4 Conclusion|118
2|References|118
1|Institutional Setting and Voluntary Compliance of Human Rights Treaties|121
1|8 A National Human Rights Commission for Taiwan?|122
2|Abstract|122
2|1 Advocacy from Civil Society Organizations: A Simple Proposal|123
2|2 The Multifaceted and Complicated Maneuvers During the Chen Shui-bian Administration|125
3|2.1 The First Draft Bill Debated in the Legislative Yuan|125
3|2.2 The Presidential Office, the Executive Yuan and the Control Yuan|125
3|2.3 The NGO Coalition, the Control Yuan and the Press|127
2|3 The Administration of Ma Ying-Jeou: Falling on Deaf Ears?|129
2|4 The Presidency of Tsai Ing-wen: Decision Postponed?|131
2|5 Conclusions|133
2|References|134
1|9 Establishing a National Human Rights Institution—Taiwan in Global Trends|136
2|Abstract|136
2|1 Introduction|137
2|2 Historical Developments|138
3|2.1 Two High Tides in Two Decades|138
3|2.2 From NGOs to Government|140
2|3 Model Types|142
3|3.1 Five Main Models|142
4|3.1.1 Human Rights Advisory Commission|143
4|3.1.2 Single Function Commission|143
4|3.1.3 Hybrid Institution|144
4|3.1.4 Human Rights Ombudsman|145
4|3.1.5 Independent Human Rights Commission|145
4|3.1.6 Comparative Characteristics|146
3|3.2 The Choice Between the Two Models and Approaches|147
4|3.2.1 Various Bills|148
4|3.2.2 Constitutional Amendments|148
4|3.2.3 Options|149
2|4 Accreditation Results|152
3|4.1 Comparative Outcomes|152
4|4.1.1 Time Factor|152
4|4.1.2 Regional Distribution|153
4|4.1.3 Model Difference|154
3|4.2 Reminder for Taiwan|154
2|5 Concluding Remarks|156
2|References|157
1|10 The Control Yuan and Human Rights in Taiwan: Towards the Development of a National Human Rights Institution?|161
2|Abstract|161
2|1 Introduction|161
2|2 The Control Yuan and Human Rights: A Very Brief History|163
2|3 The Control Yuan as a NHRI|169
3|3.1 Structure|170
3|3.2 Mandate|170
3|3.3 Accountability|171
2|4 Reforming for Compliance?|172
3|4.1 Appointments|172
2|5 Retain, Reform, or Retire: The Future of the Control Yuan and Its Role in the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights in Taiwan|174
2|References|176
1|11 “All the World’s a Stage”: Taiwan’s Human Rights Performance and Playing to International Norms|179
2|Abstract|179
2|1 Prologue: The Rise of the International Human Rights Regime and Challenges for Taiwan|180
2|2 A Play in Many Acts: Accomplishments at Home and Engagement Abroad|185
3|2.1 Emphasizing Conformity with International Norms|186
3|2.2 Acting like a State-Party to International Legal Treaties|197
2|3 Epilogue: Elegy for a Strategy?|201
2|References|204
1|12 Isolated but not Oblivious: Taiwan’s Acceptance of the Two Major Human Rights Covenants|213
2|Abstract|213
2|1 Introduction|214
2|2 NGO Lobbying Leading up to the 2000 Presidential Election|215
2|3 The DPP Government’s Attempt to Ratify the Two Covenants|218
2|4 Ratification by President Ma Ying-Jeou|224
2|5 Political Incentives, Social Processes and Contested Politics|226
2|6 Conclusion|229
2|References|230
1|13 Taiwan’s Human Rights Implementation Acts: A Model for Successful Incorporation?|232
2|Abstract|232
2|1 Introduction|233
2|2 Functions of the Implementation Acts|235
3|2.1 Providing Domestic Legal Effect|235
3|2.2 Reviewing and Revising Domestic Laws and Regulations|236
3|2.3 Issuing State Reports and Conducting Independent International Reviews|239
3|2.4 Providing Human Rights Education and Training|241
2|3 Leading Actors Facilitating the Implementation Acts|242
3|3.1 The Advisory Committee of Human Rights Under the Presidential Office|242
3|3.2 Ministry of Justice|243
3|3.3 The Judiciary|245
3|3.4 Human Rights Groups and Strong Advocacy|246
2|4 Conclusion|248
2|Acknowledgments|249
2|References|249
1|14 The Problems with the Incorporation of International Human Rights Law in Taiwan|253
2|Abstract|253
2|1 Introduction|254
2|2 The Question of the Capacity to Conclude International Treaties|257
2|3 The Problem of Institutional Flaws in Incorporating a Treaty|259
2|4 The Question Concerning the Application of Treaty Norms|262
3|4.1 In the Context of Constitutional Interpretations, Similar Deficits Appear as Such and Are Summarized as Follows, Without Any Elaboration on the Normative Contents of the Relevant Human Rights Law|266
3|4.2 Taking Human Rights Norms as a Reference Rather Than the Positive Law|267
3|4.3 Purposely Deviated from Human Rights Law|268
2|5 A Methodological Reflection|271
2|6 Conclusion|274
2|References|276
1|15 The Approach of Introducing International Human Rights Treaties into the Interpretation of Constitutional Provisions in Taiwan|278
2|Abstract|278
2|1 Introduction|278
2|2 Desirability of Having a Living Constitution|280
3|2.1 The Constitution Was Enacted 70 Years Ago|280
3|2.2 The Bill of Rights Chapter in the Constitution Was Quite Advanced When It Was Enacted|281
3|2.3 The Gaps Between the Bill of Rights Chapter and Human Rights Treaties|282
3|2.4 The Need to Fill the Gap and the Desirability to Ensure a Living Constitution|284
2|3 Comparing Different Approaches to Bring the Constitution in Line with Human Rights Treaties|285
3|3.1 Three Ways to Bring the Constitution in Line with Human Rights Treaties|285
3|3.2 The “Interpretation” Approach Is a Desirable Way|287
2|4 Some General Principles for Constitutional Interpretation|287
2|5 The Way of Reading International Treaties into the Constitutional Provisions|288
2|6 Concluding Remarks|290
2|References|291
1|16 Rights Advocacy Through Simulation: The Genius of the Constitutional Court Simulation in Taiwan|292
2|Abstract|292
2|1 Introduction|293
2|2 A Moot Court Education|295
2|3 A Shadow Court Experiment|297
2|4 A Deliberative Forum|300
2|5 A New Approach to Rights Advocacy|302
2|6 Conclusion|304
2|References|305
1|17 The Role of NGOs in Monitoring the Implementation of Human Rights Treaty Obligations|308
2|Abstract|308
2|1 NGO’s Advisory Roles During President Chen’s Terms|309
2|2 The Act to Implement the Covenants|311
2|3 Implementing the Covenants: Expansion of NGO Participation|312
2|4 The Format of the Review on the State Reports on the Covenants|314
2|5 Participation of NGOs in the Review of State Reports|316
2|6 More Than the Review of State Reports|318
2|References|321
1|18 Personal Reflections on the Taiwan Human Rights Review Process|323
2|Abstract|323
1|Protection of Civil and Political Rights|330
1|19 Killing in Your Name: Pathology of Judicial Paternalism and the Mutation of the “Most Serious Crimes” Requirement in Taiwan|331
2|Abstract|331
2|1 Introduction|332
2|2 The Image of the Killing Leviathan: A Chimera of Incapacitator, Rehabilitator, and Retributor|333
2|3 “Most Serious Crimes,” “Rehabilitatibility,” and Presentation of the Incorrigible Offender|337
2|4 Towards a Pathology of Judicial Paternalism: When the ICCPR Meets the Judge-Civilizer Tradition|342
2|5 Conclusion|345
2|Acknowledgments|346
2|References|346
1|20 A Silent Reform of the Death Penalty in Taiwan (R.O.C.)|349
2|Abstract|349
2|1 Introduction|349
2|2 The Death Penalty in the Criminal Justice System|350
3|2.1 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|350
3|2.2 National Framework—Constitution|351
2|3 Tensions with Respect to the Death Penalty|352
2|4 The Reform of the Death Penalty|353
3|4.1 Extra Substantive Requirements of the Death Penalty|353
4|4.1.1 The Most Serious Crimes|353
4|4.1.2 Rehabilitation|354
4|4.1.3 Factors Which Should not Be Considered|354
3|4.2 Extra Procedural Requirements of the Death Penalty|355
4|4.2.1 Reasoning|355
4|4.2.2 Expert Witness|356
4|4.2.3 Courts’ Obligation to Provide Information|357
4|4.2.4 Supreme Court Oral Arguments|357
5|The Supreme Court Rarely Proceeds with Oral Arguments|357
5|The Court’s Resolution Concerning Oral Arguments in Death Penalty Cases|358
2|5 Special Organizations for Death Penalty Reviews Within the Public Prosecutors System|360
3|5.1 The Small Group for Reviewing Death Penalty Cases in Dispute|361
3|5.2 The Review Committee on Final Convicted Cases|361
3|5.3 Interim Summary|362
2|6 Conclusion|364
2|References|364
1|21 A Core Case for Judicial Review–Protecting Personal Liberty in Taiwan|366
2|Abstract|366
2|1 Introduction|366
2|2 Waldron’s Theory Against Judicial Review|368
3|2.1 A Sketch of Waldron’s Arguments|368
3|2.2 Questions regarding Waldron’s Arguments|369
2|3 Protecting Personal Liberty in Taiwan|370
3|3.1 The Prelude|370
3|3.2 The Leading Case|371
3|3.3 Later Developments|372
2|4 A Core Case for Judicial Review|373
3|4.1 The Significant Function of the Text of a Bill of Rights|373
3|4.2 Cooperation Between Judicial Review and the Legislature to Protect Rights|375
3|4.3 The Tyranny of the Majority Protected by Judicial Review but Neglected by Waldron|377
2|5 Conclusion|379
2|References|380
1|22 From Suppression to Real Freedom of Expression in the Open and Plural Society of Taiwan—The Constitutional Court’s Role in This Progress|381
2|Abstract|381
2|1 Introduction: Challenges from New Communications Technology, Taiwan’s Authoritarian Past and China|382
2|2 Practice of Freedom of Expression Under the Martial-Law Regime and the Civil War Between the “Two Chinas”|383
3|2.1 Meaning and Scale of Freedom of Expression|383
3|2.2 Speech Regulations Under the Legal Framework of the Mobilization for the Suppression of Communist Rebellion (1948–1991) and Martial Law (1949–1987)|385
4|2.2.1 Comprehensive Censorship of Mass Media, Assemblies, Political Parties and Textbooks|385
4|2.2.2 Content-Based Restrictions and Severe Punishments|386
3|2.3 The Long, Dark Shadow of the White Terror|387
2|3 The Constitutional Court’s Role in the Process of Democratization|387
3|3.1 Partial Deregulation of Free Expression by the Legislative Yuan|388
4|3.1.1 Mass Media|388
4|3.1.2 The Three Acts Regarding National Security|388
3|3.2 Theorization of Free Speech Protection by the Constitutional Court|389
4|3.2.1 Two-Track Theory|389
5|Strict Scrutiny for Content-Based Regulations: J.Y. Interpretations Nos. 445 and 644|389
5|Intermediate Scrutiny for Time, Place, Manner Regulations: J.Y. Interpretations Nos. 445 and 718|390
4|3.2.2 Two-Tiered/Three-Tiered Theory|391
5|Rational Scrutiny for Restrictions on Low-Valued Speech: J.Y. Interpretations Nos. 407 and 617|391
5|Intermediate Scrutiny for Restrictions Commercial Speech: J.Y. Interpretations Nos. 414, 577, 623, 634 and 744|392
5|Strict Scrutiny for Restrictions on High-Valued Speech: J.Y. Interpretations Nos. 445, 644 and 734|392
4|3.2.3 Constitutionality of Criminal Defamation: J.Y. Interpretation No. 509|393
4|3.2.4 The Freedom to Withhold Expression: J.Y. Interpretations Nos. 577 and 656|393
4|3.2.5 Future of Prior Restraints: J.Y. Interpretation No. 744 as a Turning Point?|394
2|4 The Constitutional Court’s Responses to Challenges of New Communication Technologies and Social Conflicts|395
3|4.1 De-regulation and Re-regulation of Mass Media and the Right of Access to the Media|395
4|4.1.1 Fair and Reasonable Distribution of Radio Wave Frequencies and Bandwidths: J.Y. Interpretation No. 364 and 678|395
4|4.1.2 Right of Access to Media: J.Y. Interpretation No. 364|396
3|4.2 Freedom of the Press and the Right to the Free Development of Personality: J.Y. Interpretation No. 689|396
3|4.3 Freedom of Expression in a Split Society: The China Factor|397
2|5 Conclusion: Consolidation of Civil Culture in a Post-authoritarian Information Society Threatened by China|397
2|References|398
1|23 Freedom of Movement in Taiwan—A Local Development to Meet International Standards|400
2|Abstract|400
2|1 Introduction|400
2|2 Freedom of Migration Under the Constitution|402
3|2.1 J.Y. Interpretation No. 265 (5 October 1990)|403
3|2.2 J.Y. Interpretation No. 443 (26 December 1997)|405
3|2.3 J.Y. Interpretations No. 454 (22 May 1998)|406
3|2.4 J.Y. Interpretation No. 497 (3 December 1999)|407
3|2.5 J.Y. Interpretation No. 542 (4 April 2002)|408
3|2.6 J.Y. Interpretation No. 558 (18 April 2003)|409
3|2.7 J.Y. Interpretation No. 710 (5 July 2013)|411
2|3 Freedom of Movement Created by the Constitutional Court Under Article 22 of the Constitution|413
2|4 Conclusion|418
2|References|419
1|24 Configuration of the Notion of Privacy as a Fundamental Right in Taiwan—A Comparative Study of International Treaties and EU Rules|420
2|Abstract|420
2|1 Introduction|421
2|2 International Human Rights Frameworks|422
3|2.1 UN Resolution 68/167|422
3|2.2 Data Protection Convention 108 and the GDPR|424
2|3 The Right to Privacy in Taiwan|426
3|3.1 The Constitutional Court’s Interpretations|426
3|3.2 The Rationale Behind J.Y. Interpretation No. 603|427
4|3.2.1 The Principle of Proportionality|428
4|3.2.2 The Principle of Legal Reservation and Purpose Limitation|428
2|4 The Right to Information Privacy|429
3|4.1 The Standard of Scrutiny|429
3|4.2 Purpose of Limitation and Precautionary Measures|430
3|4.3 The Personal Data Protection Act|430
2|5 Conclusion|431
2|References|432
1|25 Who Shall Judge? Taiwan’s Exploration of Lay Participation in Criminal Trials|434
2|Abstract|434
2|1 Introduction|434
2|2 Efforts to Introduce Lay Participation in Criminal Trials|435
2|3 The Promise and Perils of Lay Participation in Criminal Trials|441
3|3.1 Maintain a Skeptical View of Lay Participation’s Influence in Shifting Public Perceptions|441
3|3.2 View Lay Participation in the Context of a Larger Reform Ecosystem|442
3|3.3 Refocus the Debate on How the Proposed Reforms will Impact the Rights of the Accused|445
2|References|448
1|Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|451
1|26 The Right to Health in Taiwan: Implications and Challenges|452
2|Abstract|452
2|1 The Right to Health in Taiwan|453
2|2 Follow-up Challenges: Ignorance of the Right to Health|454
2|3 Follow-up Challenges: Lack of Social Determinants Perspectives|457
3|3.1 Social Determinants and the Right to Health|457
3|3.2 Examining Taiwan’s Healthcare Policy with respect to Social Determinants|458
2|4 Conclusion|461
2|References|462
1|27 The Evolution of Environmental Rights in Taiwan|465
2|Abstract|465
2|1 Introduction: Changing Environmental Rights in Context|466
2|2 Environmental Rights as Victims’ Cry: 1945–1980s|467
3|2.1 Political Background: De-Colonization and a Base for National Salvation|467
3|2.2 Legal Framework and State Performance|468
3|2.3 Victims’ Claims Without a Legal Basis|469
2|3 Environmental Rights as Legal Rights: 1987–2000|470
3|3.1 Political Background: Democratization and International Pressures|470
3|3.2 Strong Environmental Legislation with Weak Implementation|472
3|3.3 Beyond Personal Injuries|473
4|3.3.1 From Protestation to Legal Rights|473
4|3.3.2 Environmental Concerns Beyond Personal Interests|475
2|4 Environmental Rights as Human Rights: 2000–Present|475
3|4.1 Democratic Consolidation and New Threats|476
3|4.2 Legal Change and State Performance|477
3|4.3 State Performance|478
4|4.3.1 Privatization and Forced Evictions|478
4|4.3.2 Gesture Politics on Climate Change|480
3|4.4 Human Rights for the Future|481
4|4.4.1 Greening Human Rights|482
4|4.4.2 The Demand for Procedural Rights|484
2|5 Changing Environmental Rights in Taiwan|485
2|6 Conclusion|486
2|References|487
1|28 Human Rights and Climate Finance—How Does the Normative Framework Affect Taiwan?|489
2|Abstract|489
2|1 Introduction|490
2|2 Climate Change and Human Rights|491
2|3 Climate Finance and Human Rights: A Rights-Based Approach|495
2|4 Taiwan’s National Climate Finance and Overseas Development Aid: A Reorientation of Climate Finance?|501
3|4.1 Taiwan’s Climate Finance Framework|501
3|4.2 An Evaluation of Taiwan’s Climate Finance Framework from the Perspective of a Rights-Based Approach to Climate Finance|504
2|5 Conclusion|510
2|References|510
1|29 Constitutional and Legal Dimensions of the Right to Food in Taiwan: The Long March Toward Normative Internalization and Realization|513
2|Abstract|513
2|1 Introduction|514
2|2 Evolution of the Right to Food in International Human Rights Law|515
2|3 The Right to Food in Taiwan: The (Lack of) Constitutional and Legal Dialogues|519
2|4 Conclusion: The Call for a Legal Framework Approach to the Right to Food and Its Normative Implications|525
2|References|528
1|30 Tobacco Investment and Human Rights: A Challenge for Taiwan’s ICESCR Implementation in Its Foreign Investment Policy|532
2|Abstract|532
2|1 Introduction|533
2|2 States Parties’ Obligations Associated with Business Activities and the Right to Health: An Overview|535
2|3 Taiwan’s Unilateral Market Access Commitment Granted to Tobacco Industry Foreign Investment under the Taiwan–Japan BIT|538
3|3.1 The Tobacco Industry Is Subject to Taiwan’s Market Access Commitment|538
3|3.2 Japan Tobacco International’s (JTI) Investment Project in Taiwan|540
2|4 A Problematic Market Access Commitment to Tobacco Industry Investments Under BITs: A Perspective from the ICESCR|541
2|5 Aligning with the ICESCR: Is it Possible for Taiwan to Deny Market Access to Tobacco Industry Investments under the Existing BITs?|544
2|6 Conclusion|548
2|References|549
1|31 Human Rights and Intellectual Property Protection: Their Interplay in Taiwan|551
2|Abstract|551
2|1 Introduction|552
2|2 Interplay Between Human Rights and IP|552
2|3 Right to Information and Copyright|554
3|3.1 Development of Access to Published Works for Persons with a Print Disability at the International Level|554
3|3.2 Realization of the Right to Information for Persons with a Print Disability in Taiwan|555
4|3.2.1 Initiative to Implement the Right to Information in Copyright Law|556
4|3.2.2 Implementation of the Marrakesh VIP Treaty in 2014|556
2|4 Right to Health and IP Protection for Medications|558
3|4.1 Confrontation Between the Right to Health and IP Protection at the International Level|558
3|4.2 Balance Between the Right to Health and IP Protection in Taiwan|559
4|4.2.1 The Domestic Public Health System and the Pharmaceutical Market|559
4|4.2.2 IP Protection for Medications|560
5|Patent Rights|560
5|Data Exclusivity of New Drugs|562
4|4.2.3 Limitations on Patent Rights of Medications|563
3|4.3 Compulsory Licensing of Tamiflu Vaccine in 2005|564
4|4.3.1 Background|564
4|4.3.2 Compulsory Licensing Granted by the TIPO|565
3|4.4 Compulsory Licensing for the Export of Medication|566
4|4.4.1 Developments at the International Level|566
4|4.4.2 Implementation in Taiwan|567
2|5 Conclusion|568
2|References|568
1|Protection of Specific/Vulnerable Groups|570
1|32 When Women’s Human Rights Encounter Tradition in Taiwan|571
2|Abstract|571
2|1 Introduction|572
2|2 Background of the 2015 Case of J.Y. Interpretation No. 728|572
2|3 The Main Content of J.Y. Interpretation No. 728|575
2|4 The Problems with J.Y. Interpretation No. 728|576
3|4.1 The “Systemic” Discriminatory Effect Arising from the “Seemingly” Neutral Legislation|576
3|4.2 The Need to Weigh and Balance Relevant Rights and the Involved Public Interests|577
3|4.3 The Relative Importance of Infringed Constitutional Rights and the Public Interest|578
3|4.4 The Majority View Failed to Prioritize Gender Equality Over Tradition and Other Rights|579
2|5 Concluding Remarks—Prioritizing Women’s Human Rights in a Future Amendment|580
2|References|581
1|33 LGBT Rights in Taiwan—The Interaction Between Movements and the Law|582
2|Abstract|582
2|1 Introduction|583
2|2 Destigmatization of Same-Sex Sexual Behavior|584
2|3 Anti-discrimination in Education and Employment|586
3|3.1 The Prohibition of Discrimination in the Realm of Education|586
3|3.2 The Prohibition of Discrimination in the Realm of Employment|587
2|4 Recognition of Same-Sex Families|588
2|5 The Right to Change Legal Gender Identity|592
2|6 Conclusion|594
2|References|595
1|34 National Apology and Reinvigoration of Indigenous Rights in Taiwan|597
2|Abstract|597
2|1 A Reconceptualization of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in an International Context|600
2|2 Indigenous Peoples Rights in Contemporary Taiwan|603
2|3 Recognition of Indigenous Laws|606
2|4 Conclusion|608
2|References|610
1|35 Local Images of Global Child Rights: CRC in Taiwan|612
2|Abstract|612
2|1 Prelude|613
2|2 Localization of Global Human Rights Laws|614
3|2.1 Bridging the Sovereign Walls and Political Borders|614
3|2.2 The Unique Case of Taiwan (Republic of China)|615
2|3 Practical Operations of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child|616
3|3.1 Legitimacy of the CRC Enforcement Law|617
3|3.2 The Page for Children’s Rights in Taiwan’s Legislation|617
3|3.3 Local Efforts Before and After the CRC Enforcement Law|619
4|3.3.1 Before the Enforcement Law|619
4|3.3.2 After the Implementation Act|622
4|3.3.3 The CRC “National Report”|624
2|4 Prospects|626
2|References|627
1|36 People Over Pandas: Taiwan’s Engagement of International Human Rights Norms with Respect to Disability|630
2|Abstract|630
2|1 Introduction|631
2|2 Historical Background|631
2|3 Incorporating the CRPD|635
2|4 Domesticating the CRPD|637
2|5 Conclusion|644
2|Acknowledgments|644
2|References|644
1|37 On the Road to Equal Enjoyment of Human Rights for Persons with Disabilities: The Development of Domestic Laws in Taiwan and Their Dialogue with the CRPD|647
2|Abstract|647
2|1 Introduction|648
2|2 The Development of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Domestic Law Under the Influence of International Law|649
3|2.1 Persons with Disabilities Under the Persons with Disabilities Rights Protection Act and Its Former Acts|650
3|2.2 People with Disabilities Under Other Relevant Laws|652
2|3 Discrimination Behind the Legal System|653
3|3.1 Affirmative Action as Protection or Limitation?|653
3|3.2 Physical and Mental Disability as a Justification for Exclusion?|655
3|3.3 Accessibility as a Right for People with Disabilities?|656
2|4 From a Protected Vulnerable Group to Persons with Supported Autonomy and Equal Participation in Society Through Adoption of the CRPD|657
3|4.1 Scope of Rights and Core Values in the CRPD|657
3|4.2 Incorporation of the CRPD by the Parliament|658
3|4.3 The Key Challenge for Implementing the CRPD|659
2|5 Perspective|661
2|References|662
1|38 Constitutional Dynamics of Judicial Discourse on the Rights of Non-citizens: The Case of Taiwan|665
2|Abstract|665
2|1 Introduction|666
2|2 Dynamic Migrant Governance Since the Democratic Transition|667
2|3 Constitutional Litigation on the Rights of Non-citizens|669
3|3.1 Civil Rights|669
4|3.1.1 J.Y. Interpretation No. 497|669
4|3.1.2 J.Y. Interpretation No. 708|670
4|3.1.3 J.Y. Interpretation No. 710|672
3|3.2 Political Rights: J.Y. Interpretation No. 618|673
3|3.3 Social and Economic Rights: J.Y. Interpretation No. 560|675
2|4 Features and Critiques of Judicial Adjudication on Rights of Non-citizens|676
3|4.1 Features|676
4|4.1.1 Take an Inclusive Approach to Define Non-citizen Rights and Shape Migration Regulation|676
4|4.1.2 Active Judicial Reference to International Human Rights Laws and Its Corresponding Function|677
3|4.2 Critiques|679
2|5 Conclusion|680
2|References|681
1|Index|683
1|Contents|8
1|About the Editors|12
1|Introduction|14
1|1 Introduction—An Overview|15
2|1 The Story Begins with the Lifting of Martial Law in 1987|15
2|2 Human Rights Transition from Broader Perspectives|16
2|3 Institutional Setting and Voluntary Compliance with Human Rights Treaties|18
2|4 Protection of Civil and Political Rights|22
2|5 Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|24
2|6 Protection of Specific/Vulnerable Groups|26
1|2 Taiwan’s Political-Legal Progress: Memories of the KMT Dictatorship|30
2|Abstract|30
2|1 The First Visit|30
2|2 An Exciting 1969 Visit|32
2|3 Ted Kennedy and Taiwan Tensions of the 1970s|33
2|4 Annette Lu, Ma Ying-Jeou and the Assassination of Henry Liu|35
2|5 Prosecution of the Assassins|37
1|Human Rights Transition from Broader Perspectives|41
1|3 Asian Values, Confucian Tradition and Human Rights|42
2|Abstract|42
2|1 Subjecting the Head of State to the Rule of Law|43
2|2 The Rule of Li and the Rule of Law|45
2|3 Law Means Penalties v. Judiciary Means Independence|49
2|4 Education as a Government Function|53
2|5 Transforming the Absolute-Power Relationship into Constitutional Relations|56
2|References|58
1|4 Human Rights and Transitional Justice: Taiwan’s Adoption of the ICCPR and the Redress of 2/28 and Martial-Law-Era Injustices|60
2|Abstract|60
2|1 Introduction|60
2|2 Previous and Current Efforts to Seek Redress of the 2/28 Incident and Martial-Law Abuses|63
2|3 The Implications of ICCPR Article 2(3) for Transitional Justice|66
2|4 Taiwan, Going Forward: Retrospective Justice Without Penal Accountability|70
2|References|73
1|5 The Battlefield of Transitional Justice in Taiwan: A Relational View|76
2|Abstract|76
2|1 Introduction|76
2|2 Background: Transition Without Justice|79
2|3 Battlefield of State and Society|81
3|3.1 Preserving the Memory Sites: From Detention Centers to a National Human Rights Museum|81
3|3.2 Mini-lustration: The Recommendation and Nomination of Justices|83
2|4 Conclusion|86
2|References|87
1|6 Frozen Trials: Political Victims and Their Quest for Justice|90
2|Abstract|90
2|1 Introduction|91
2|2 Institutional Background of Political Trials During the Cold War|92
2|3 Constitutional Pathology of White Terror|94
2|4 Transitional Justice Legislation and Its Constitutional Issues|97
3|4.1 Underground Communist Members and Aboriginal Leaders|98
3|4.2 Illegitimacy of the KMT Government and Its Laws|101
3|4.3 Act for Promoting Transitional Justice of 2017|103
2|5 Concluding Remarks|103
2|References|104
1|7 Towards an Analytical Framework of Constitutionalism in East Asia: The Case of Taiwan|106
2|Abstract|106
2|1 Towards a Typology of Constitutionalism in East Asia|108
2|2 The Decline of Confucianism in Taiwan|112
2|3 Normative Implications|117
2|4 Conclusion|118
2|References|118
1|Institutional Setting and Voluntary Compliance of Human Rights Treaties|121
1|8 A National Human Rights Commission for Taiwan?|122
2|Abstract|122
2|1 Advocacy from Civil Society Organizations: A Simple Proposal|123
2|2 The Multifaceted and Complicated Maneuvers During the Chen Shui-bian Administration|125
3|2.1 The First Draft Bill Debated in the Legislative Yuan|125
3|2.2 The Presidential Office, the Executive Yuan and the Control Yuan|125
3|2.3 The NGO Coalition, the Control Yuan and the Press|127
2|3 The Administration of Ma Ying-Jeou: Falling on Deaf Ears?|129
2|4 The Presidency of Tsai Ing-wen: Decision Postponed?|131
2|5 Conclusions|133
2|References|134
1|9 Establishing a National Human Rights Institution—Taiwan in Global Trends|136
2|Abstract|136
2|1 Introduction|137
2|2 Historical Developments|138
3|2.1 Two High Tides in Two Decades|138
3|2.2 From NGOs to Government|140
2|3 Model Types|142
3|3.1 Five Main Models|142
4|3.1.1 Human Rights Advisory Commission|143
4|3.1.2 Single Function Commission|143
4|3.1.3 Hybrid Institution|144
4|3.1.4 Human Rights Ombudsman|145
4|3.1.5 Independent Human Rights Commission|145
4|3.1.6 Comparative Characteristics|146
3|3.2 The Choice Between the Two Models and Approaches|147
4|3.2.1 Various Bills|148
4|3.2.2 Constitutional Amendments|148
4|3.2.3 Options|149
2|4 Accreditation Results|152
3|4.1 Comparative Outcomes|152
4|4.1.1 Time Factor|152
4|4.1.2 Regional Distribution|153
4|4.1.3 Model Difference|154
3|4.2 Reminder for Taiwan|154
2|5 Concluding Remarks|156
2|References|157
1|10 The Control Yuan and Human Rights in Taiwan: Towards the Development of a National Human Rights Institution?|161
2|Abstract|161
2|1 Introduction|161
2|2 The Control Yuan and Human Rights: A Very Brief History|163
2|3 The Control Yuan as a NHRI|169
3|3.1 Structure|170
3|3.2 Mandate|170
3|3.3 Accountability|171
2|4 Reforming for Compliance?|172
3|4.1 Appointments|172
2|5 Retain, Reform, or Retire: The Future of the Control Yuan and Its Role in the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights in Taiwan|174
2|References|176
1|11 “All the World’s a Stage”: Taiwan’s Human Rights Performance and Playing to International Norms|179
2|Abstract|179
2|1 Prologue: The Rise of the International Human Rights Regime and Challenges for Taiwan|180
2|2 A Play in Many Acts: Accomplishments at Home and Engagement Abroad|185
3|2.1 Emphasizing Conformity with International Norms|186
3|2.2 Acting like a State-Party to International Legal Treaties|197
2|3 Epilogue: Elegy for a Strategy?|201
2|References|204
1|12 Isolated but not Oblivious: Taiwan’s Acceptance of the Two Major Human Rights Covenants|213
2|Abstract|213
2|1 Introduction|214
2|2 NGO Lobbying Leading up to the 2000 Presidential Election|215
2|3 The DPP Government’s Attempt to Ratify the Two Covenants|218
2|4 Ratification by President Ma Ying-Jeou|224
2|5 Political Incentives, Social Processes and Contested Politics|226
2|6 Conclusion|229
2|References|230
1|13 Taiwan’s Human Rights Implementation Acts: A Model for Successful Incorporation?|232
2|Abstract|232
2|1 Introduction|233
2|2 Functions of the Implementation Acts|235
3|2.1 Providing Domestic Legal Effect|235
3|2.2 Reviewing and Revising Domestic Laws and Regulations|236
3|2.3 Issuing State Reports and Conducting Independent International Reviews|239
3|2.4 Providing Human Rights Education and Training|241
2|3 Leading Actors Facilitating the Implementation Acts|242
3|3.1 The Advisory Committee of Human Rights Under the Presidential Office|242
3|3.2 Ministry of Justice|243
3|3.3 The Judiciary|245
3|3.4 Human Rights Groups and Strong Advocacy|246
2|4 Conclusion|248
2|Acknowledgments|249
2|References|249
1|14 The Problems with the Incorporation of International Human Rights Law in Taiwan|253
2|Abstract|253
2|1 Introduction|254
2|2 The Question of the Capacity to Conclude International Treaties|257
2|3 The Problem of Institutional Flaws in Incorporating a Treaty|259
2|4 The Question Concerning the Application of Treaty Norms|262
3|4.1 In the Context of Constitutional Interpretations, Similar Deficits Appear as Such and Are Summarized as Follows, Without Any Elaboration on the Normative Contents of the Relevant Human Rights Law|266
3|4.2 Taking Human Rights Norms as a Reference Rather Than the Positive Law|267
3|4.3 Purposely Deviated from Human Rights Law|268
2|5 A Methodological Reflection|271
2|6 Conclusion|274
2|References|276
1|15 The Approach of Introducing International Human Rights Treaties into the Interpretation of Constitutional Provisions in Taiwan|278
2|Abstract|278
2|1 Introduction|278
2|2 Desirability of Having a Living Constitution|280
3|2.1 The Constitution Was Enacted 70 Years Ago|280
3|2.2 The Bill of Rights Chapter in the Constitution Was Quite Advanced When It Was Enacted|281
3|2.3 The Gaps Between the Bill of Rights Chapter and Human Rights Treaties|282
3|2.4 The Need to Fill the Gap and the Desirability to Ensure a Living Constitution|284
2|3 Comparing Different Approaches to Bring the Constitution in Line with Human Rights Treaties|285
3|3.1 Three Ways to Bring the Constitution in Line with Human Rights Treaties|285
3|3.2 The “Interpretation” Approach Is a Desirable Way|287
2|4 Some General Principles for Constitutional Interpretation|287
2|5 The Way of Reading International Treaties into the Constitutional Provisions|288
2|6 Concluding Remarks|290
2|References|291
1|16 Rights Advocacy Through Simulation: The Genius of the Constitutional Court Simulation in Taiwan|292
2|Abstract|292
2|1 Introduction|293
2|2 A Moot Court Education|295
2|3 A Shadow Court Experiment|297
2|4 A Deliberative Forum|300
2|5 A New Approach to Rights Advocacy|302
2|6 Conclusion|304
2|References|305
1|17 The Role of NGOs in Monitoring the Implementation of Human Rights Treaty Obligations|308
2|Abstract|308
2|1 NGO’s Advisory Roles During President Chen’s Terms|309
2|2 The Act to Implement the Covenants|311
2|3 Implementing the Covenants: Expansion of NGO Participation|312
2|4 The Format of the Review on the State Reports on the Covenants|314
2|5 Participation of NGOs in the Review of State Reports|316
2|6 More Than the Review of State Reports|318
2|References|321
1|18 Personal Reflections on the Taiwan Human Rights Review Process|323
2|Abstract|323
1|Protection of Civil and Political Rights|330
1|19 Killing in Your Name: Pathology of Judicial Paternalism and the Mutation of the “Most Serious Crimes” Requirement in Taiwan|331
2|Abstract|331
2|1 Introduction|332
2|2 The Image of the Killing Leviathan: A Chimera of Incapacitator, Rehabilitator, and Retributor|333
2|3 “Most Serious Crimes,” “Rehabilitatibility,” and Presentation of the Incorrigible Offender|337
2|4 Towards a Pathology of Judicial Paternalism: When the ICCPR Meets the Judge-Civilizer Tradition|342
2|5 Conclusion|345
2|Acknowledgments|346
2|References|346
1|20 A Silent Reform of the Death Penalty in Taiwan (R.O.C.)|349
2|Abstract|349
2|1 Introduction|349
2|2 The Death Penalty in the Criminal Justice System|350
3|2.1 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|350
3|2.2 National Framework—Constitution|351
2|3 Tensions with Respect to the Death Penalty|352
2|4 The Reform of the Death Penalty|353
3|4.1 Extra Substantive Requirements of the Death Penalty|353
4|4.1.1 The Most Serious Crimes|353
4|4.1.2 Rehabilitation|354
4|4.1.3 Factors Which Should not Be Considered|354
3|4.2 Extra Procedural Requirements of the Death Penalty|355
4|4.2.1 Reasoning|355
4|4.2.2 Expert Witness|356
4|4.2.3 Courts’ Obligation to Provide Information|357
4|4.2.4 Supreme Court Oral Arguments|357
5|The Supreme Court Rarely Proceeds with Oral Arguments|357
5|The Court’s Resolution Concerning Oral Arguments in Death Penalty Cases|358
2|5 Special Organizations for Death Penalty Reviews Within the Public Prosecutors System|360
3|5.1 The Small Group for Reviewing Death Penalty Cases in Dispute|361
3|5.2 The Review Committee on Final Convicted Cases|361
3|5.3 Interim Summary|362
2|6 Conclusion|364
2|References|364
1|21 A Core Case for Judicial Review–Protecting Personal Liberty in Taiwan|366
2|Abstract|366
2|1 Introduction|366
2|2 Waldron’s Theory Against Judicial Review|368
3|2.1 A Sketch of Waldron’s Arguments|368
3|2.2 Questions regarding Waldron’s Arguments|369
2|3 Protecting Personal Liberty in Taiwan|370
3|3.1 The Prelude|370
3|3.2 The Leading Case|371
3|3.3 Later Developments|372
2|4 A Core Case for Judicial Review|373
3|4.1 The Significant Function of the Text of a Bill of Rights|373
3|4.2 Cooperation Between Judicial Review and the Legislature to Protect Rights|375
3|4.3 The Tyranny of the Majority Protected by Judicial Review but Neglected by Waldron|377
2|5 Conclusion|379
2|References|380
1|22 From Suppression to Real Freedom of Expression in the Open and Plural Society of Taiwan—The Constitutional Court’s Role in This Progress|381
2|Abstract|381
2|1 Introduction: Challenges from New Communications Technology, Taiwan’s Authoritarian Past and China|382
2|2 Practice of Freedom of Expression Under the Martial-Law Regime and the Civil War Between the “Two Chinas”|383
3|2.1 Meaning and Scale of Freedom of Expression|383
3|2.2 Speech Regulations Under the Legal Framework of the Mobilization for the Suppression of Communist Rebellion (1948–1991) and Martial Law (1949–1987)|385
4|2.2.1 Comprehensive Censorship of Mass Media, Assemblies, Political Parties and Textbooks|385
4|2.2.2 Content-Based Restrictions and Severe Punishments|386
3|2.3 The Long, Dark Shadow of the White Terror|387
2|3 The Constitutional Court’s Role in the Process of Democratization|387
3|3.1 Partial Deregulation of Free Expression by the Legislative Yuan|388
4|3.1.1 Mass Media|388
4|3.1.2 The Three Acts Regarding National Security|388
3|3.2 Theorization of Free Speech Protection by the Constitutional Court|389
4|3.2.1 Two-Track Theory|389
5|Strict Scrutiny for Content-Based Regulations: J.Y. Interpretations Nos. 445 and 644|389
5|Intermediate Scrutiny for Time, Place, Manner Regulations: J.Y. Interpretations Nos. 445 and 718|390
4|3.2.2 Two-Tiered/Three-Tiered Theory|391
5|Rational Scrutiny for Restrictions on Low-Valued Speech: J.Y. Interpretations Nos. 407 and 617|391
5|Intermediate Scrutiny for Restrictions Commercial Speech: J.Y. Interpretations Nos. 414, 577, 623, 634 and 744|392
5|Strict Scrutiny for Restrictions on High-Valued Speech: J.Y. Interpretations Nos. 445, 644 and 734|392
4|3.2.3 Constitutionality of Criminal Defamation: J.Y. Interpretation No. 509|393
4|3.2.4 The Freedom to Withhold Expression: J.Y. Interpretations Nos. 577 and 656|393
4|3.2.5 Future of Prior Restraints: J.Y. Interpretation No. 744 as a Turning Point?|394
2|4 The Constitutional Court’s Responses to Challenges of New Communication Technologies and Social Conflicts|395
3|4.1 De-regulation and Re-regulation of Mass Media and the Right of Access to the Media|395
4|4.1.1 Fair and Reasonable Distribution of Radio Wave Frequencies and Bandwidths: J.Y. Interpretation No. 364 and 678|395
4|4.1.2 Right of Access to Media: J.Y. Interpretation No. 364|396
3|4.2 Freedom of the Press and the Right to the Free Development of Personality: J.Y. Interpretation No. 689|396
3|4.3 Freedom of Expression in a Split Society: The China Factor|397
2|5 Conclusion: Consolidation of Civil Culture in a Post-authoritarian Information Society Threatened by China|397
2|References|398
1|23 Freedom of Movement in Taiwan—A Local Development to Meet International Standards|400
2|Abstract|400
2|1 Introduction|400
2|2 Freedom of Migration Under the Constitution|402
3|2.1 J.Y. Interpretation No. 265 (5 October 1990)|403
3|2.2 J.Y. Interpretation No. 443 (26 December 1997)|405
3|2.3 J.Y. Interpretations No. 454 (22 May 1998)|406
3|2.4 J.Y. Interpretation No. 497 (3 December 1999)|407
3|2.5 J.Y. Interpretation No. 542 (4 April 2002)|408
3|2.6 J.Y. Interpretation No. 558 (18 April 2003)|409
3|2.7 J.Y. Interpretation No. 710 (5 July 2013)|411
2|3 Freedom of Movement Created by the Constitutional Court Under Article 22 of the Constitution|413
2|4 Conclusion|418
2|References|419
1|24 Configuration of the Notion of Privacy as a Fundamental Right in Taiwan—A Comparative Study of International Treaties and EU Rules|420
2|Abstract|420
2|1 Introduction|421
2|2 International Human Rights Frameworks|422
3|2.1 UN Resolution 68/167|422
3|2.2 Data Protection Convention 108 and the GDPR|424
2|3 The Right to Privacy in Taiwan|426
3|3.1 The Constitutional Court’s Interpretations|426
3|3.2 The Rationale Behind J.Y. Interpretation No. 603|427
4|3.2.1 The Principle of Proportionality|428
4|3.2.2 The Principle of Legal Reservation and Purpose Limitation|428
2|4 The Right to Information Privacy|429
3|4.1 The Standard of Scrutiny|429
3|4.2 Purpose of Limitation and Precautionary Measures|430
3|4.3 The Personal Data Protection Act|430
2|5 Conclusion|431
2|References|432
1|25 Who Shall Judge? Taiwan’s Exploration of Lay Participation in Criminal Trials|434
2|Abstract|434
2|1 Introduction|434
2|2 Efforts to Introduce Lay Participation in Criminal Trials|435
2|3 The Promise and Perils of Lay Participation in Criminal Trials|441
3|3.1 Maintain a Skeptical View of Lay Participation’s Influence in Shifting Public Perceptions|441
3|3.2 View Lay Participation in the Context of a Larger Reform Ecosystem|442
3|3.3 Refocus the Debate on How the Proposed Reforms will Impact the Rights of the Accused|445
2|References|448
1|Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|451
1|26 The Right to Health in Taiwan: Implications and Challenges|452
2|Abstract|452
2|1 The Right to Health in Taiwan|453
2|2 Follow-up Challenges: Ignorance of the Right to Health|454
2|3 Follow-up Challenges: Lack of Social Determinants Perspectives|457
3|3.1 Social Determinants and the Right to Health|457
3|3.2 Examining Taiwan’s Healthcare Policy with respect to Social Determinants|458
2|4 Conclusion|461
2|References|462
1|27 The Evolution of Environmental Rights in Taiwan|465
2|Abstract|465
2|1 Introduction: Changing Environmental Rights in Context|466
2|2 Environmental Rights as Victims’ Cry: 1945–1980s|467
3|2.1 Political Background: De-Colonization and a Base for National Salvation|467
3|2.2 Legal Framework and State Performance|468
3|2.3 Victims’ Claims Without a Legal Basis|469
2|3 Environmental Rights as Legal Rights: 1987–2000|470
3|3.1 Political Background: Democratization and International Pressures|470
3|3.2 Strong Environmental Legislation with Weak Implementation|472
3|3.3 Beyond Personal Injuries|473
4|3.3.1 From Protestation to Legal Rights|473
4|3.3.2 Environmental Concerns Beyond Personal Interests|475
2|4 Environmental Rights as Human Rights: 2000–Present|475
3|4.1 Democratic Consolidation and New Threats|476
3|4.2 Legal Change and State Performance|477
3|4.3 State Performance|478
4|4.3.1 Privatization and Forced Evictions|478
4|4.3.2 Gesture Politics on Climate Change|480
3|4.4 Human Rights for the Future|481
4|4.4.1 Greening Human Rights|482
4|4.4.2 The Demand for Procedural Rights|484
2|5 Changing Environmental Rights in Taiwan|485
2|6 Conclusion|486
2|References|487
1|28 Human Rights and Climate Finance—How Does the Normative Framework Affect Taiwan?|489
2|Abstract|489
2|1 Introduction|490
2|2 Climate Change and Human Rights|491
2|3 Climate Finance and Human Rights: A Rights-Based Approach|495
2|4 Taiwan’s National Climate Finance and Overseas Development Aid: A Reorientation of Climate Finance?|501
3|4.1 Taiwan’s Climate Finance Framework|501
3|4.2 An Evaluation of Taiwan’s Climate Finance Framework from the Perspective of a Rights-Based Approach to Climate Finance|504
2|5 Conclusion|510
2|References|510
1|29 Constitutional and Legal Dimensions of the Right to Food in Taiwan: The Long March Toward Normative Internalization and Realization|513
2|Abstract|513
2|1 Introduction|514
2|2 Evolution of the Right to Food in International Human Rights Law|515
2|3 The Right to Food in Taiwan: The (Lack of) Constitutional and Legal Dialogues|519
2|4 Conclusion: The Call for a Legal Framework Approach to the Right to Food and Its Normative Implications|525
2|References|528
1|30 Tobacco Investment and Human Rights: A Challenge for Taiwan’s ICESCR Implementation in Its Foreign Investment Policy|532
2|Abstract|532
2|1 Introduction|533
2|2 States Parties’ Obligations Associated with Business Activities and the Right to Health: An Overview|535
2|3 Taiwan’s Unilateral Market Access Commitment Granted to Tobacco Industry Foreign Investment under the Taiwan–Japan BIT|538
3|3.1 The Tobacco Industry Is Subject to Taiwan’s Market Access Commitment|538
3|3.2 Japan Tobacco International’s (JTI) Investment Project in Taiwan|540
2|4 A Problematic Market Access Commitment to Tobacco Industry Investments Under BITs: A Perspective from the ICESCR|541
2|5 Aligning with the ICESCR: Is it Possible for Taiwan to Deny Market Access to Tobacco Industry Investments under the Existing BITs?|544
2|6 Conclusion|548
2|References|549
1|31 Human Rights and Intellectual Property Protection: Their Interplay in Taiwan|551
2|Abstract|551
2|1 Introduction|552
2|2 Interplay Between Human Rights and IP|552
2|3 Right to Information and Copyright|554
3|3.1 Development of Access to Published Works for Persons with a Print Disability at the International Level|554
3|3.2 Realization of the Right to Information for Persons with a Print Disability in Taiwan|555
4|3.2.1 Initiative to Implement the Right to Information in Copyright Law|556
4|3.2.2 Implementation of the Marrakesh VIP Treaty in 2014|556
2|4 Right to Health and IP Protection for Medications|558
3|4.1 Confrontation Between the Right to Health and IP Protection at the International Level|558
3|4.2 Balance Between the Right to Health and IP Protection in Taiwan|559
4|4.2.1 The Domestic Public Health System and the Pharmaceutical Market|559
4|4.2.2 IP Protection for Medications|560
5|Patent Rights|560
5|Data Exclusivity of New Drugs|562
4|4.2.3 Limitations on Patent Rights of Medications|563
3|4.3 Compulsory Licensing of Tamiflu Vaccine in 2005|564
4|4.3.1 Background|564
4|4.3.2 Compulsory Licensing Granted by the TIPO|565
3|4.4 Compulsory Licensing for the Export of Medication|566
4|4.4.1 Developments at the International Level|566
4|4.4.2 Implementation in Taiwan|567
2|5 Conclusion|568
2|References|568
1|Protection of Specific/Vulnerable Groups|570
1|32 When Women’s Human Rights Encounter Tradition in Taiwan|571
2|Abstract|571
2|1 Introduction|572
2|2 Background of the 2015 Case of J.Y. Interpretation No. 728|572
2|3 The Main Content of J.Y. Interpretation No. 728|575
2|4 The Problems with J.Y. Interpretation No. 728|576
3|4.1 The “Systemic” Discriminatory Effect Arising from the “Seemingly” Neutral Legislation|576
3|4.2 The Need to Weigh and Balance Relevant Rights and the Involved Public Interests|577
3|4.3 The Relative Importance of Infringed Constitutional Rights and the Public Interest|578
3|4.4 The Majority View Failed to Prioritize Gender Equality Over Tradition and Other Rights|579
2|5 Concluding Remarks—Prioritizing Women’s Human Rights in a Future Amendment|580
2|References|581
1|33 LGBT Rights in Taiwan—The Interaction Between Movements and the Law|582
2|Abstract|582
2|1 Introduction|583
2|2 Destigmatization of Same-Sex Sexual Behavior|584
2|3 Anti-discrimination in Education and Employment|586
3|3.1 The Prohibition of Discrimination in the Realm of Education|586
3|3.2 The Prohibition of Discrimination in the Realm of Employment|587
2|4 Recognition of Same-Sex Families|588
2|5 The Right to Change Legal Gender Identity|592
2|6 Conclusion|594
2|References|595
1|34 National Apology and Reinvigoration of Indigenous Rights in Taiwan|597
2|Abstract|597
2|1 A Reconceptualization of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in an International Context|600
2|2 Indigenous Peoples Rights in Contemporary Taiwan|603
2|3 Recognition of Indigenous Laws|606
2|4 Conclusion|608
2|References|610
1|35 Local Images of Global Child Rights: CRC in Taiwan|612
2|Abstract|612
2|1 Prelude|613
2|2 Localization of Global Human Rights Laws|614
3|2.1 Bridging the Sovereign Walls and Political Borders|614
3|2.2 The Unique Case of Taiwan (Republic of China)|615
2|3 Practical Operations of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child|616
3|3.1 Legitimacy of the CRC Enforcement Law|617
3|3.2 The Page for Children’s Rights in Taiwan’s Legislation|617
3|3.3 Local Efforts Before and After the CRC Enforcement Law|619
4|3.3.1 Before the Enforcement Law|619
4|3.3.2 After the Implementation Act|622
4|3.3.3 The CRC “National Report”|624
2|4 Prospects|626
2|References|627
1|36 People Over Pandas: Taiwan’s Engagement of International Human Rights Norms with Respect to Disability|630
2|Abstract|630
2|1 Introduction|631
2|2 Historical Background|631
2|3 Incorporating the CRPD|635
2|4 Domesticating the CRPD|637
2|5 Conclusion|644
2|Acknowledgments|644
2|References|644
1|37 On the Road to Equal Enjoyment of Human Rights for Persons with Disabilities: The Development of Domestic Laws in Taiwan and Their Dialogue with the CRPD|647
2|Abstract|647
2|1 Introduction|648
2|2 The Development of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Domestic Law Under the Influence of International Law|649
3|2.1 Persons with Disabilities Under the Persons with Disabilities Rights Protection Act and Its Former Acts|650
3|2.2 People with Disabilities Under Other Relevant Laws|652
2|3 Discrimination Behind the Legal System|653
3|3.1 Affirmative Action as Protection or Limitation?|653
3|3.2 Physical and Mental Disability as a Justification for Exclusion?|655
3|3.3 Accessibility as a Right for People with Disabilities?|656
2|4 From a Protected Vulnerable Group to Persons with Supported Autonomy and Equal Participation in Society Through Adoption of the CRPD|657
3|4.1 Scope of Rights and Core Values in the CRPD|657
3|4.2 Incorporation of the CRPD by the Parliament|658
3|4.3 The Key Challenge for Implementing the CRPD|659
2|5 Perspective|661
2|References|662
1|38 Constitutional Dynamics of Judicial Discourse on the Rights of Non-citizens: The Case of Taiwan|665
2|Abstract|665
2|1 Introduction|666
2|2 Dynamic Migrant Governance Since the Democratic Transition|667
2|3 Constitutional Litigation on the Rights of Non-citizens|669
3|3.1 Civil Rights|669
4|3.1.1 J.Y. Interpretation No. 497|669
4|3.1.2 J.Y. Interpretation No. 708|670
4|3.1.3 J.Y. Interpretation No. 710|672
3|3.2 Political Rights: J.Y. Interpretation No. 618|673
3|3.3 Social and Economic Rights: J.Y. Interpretation No. 560|675
2|4 Features and Critiques of Judicial Adjudication on Rights of Non-citizens|676
3|4.1 Features|676
4|4.1.1 Take an Inclusive Approach to Define Non-citizen Rights and Shape Migration Regulation|676
4|4.1.2 Active Judicial Reference to International Human Rights Laws and Its Corresponding Function|677
3|4.2 Critiques|679
2|5 Conclusion|680
2|References|681
1|Index|683