File #2771: "2019_Book_ThePalgraveHandbookOfPrisonAnd.pdf"
Text
1|Acknowledgements|6
1|Contents|8
1|Notes on Contributors|12
1|List of Figures|22
1|List of Tables|23
1|1 Introduction|24
2|Prison and the Family|24
2|Approaches and Perspectives|26
2|References|32
1|Part I Contemporary Issues: Understanding Prisoners’ Families|35
1|2 Prisoners’ Families’ Research: Developments, Debates and Directions|36
2|Introduction|36
2|From ‘Out of Sight’ to ‘In Mind’|37
2|Generating Insights: Developments in Prisoners’ Families’ Research|40
2|Intrinsic Research Interests|40
2|Risks of Imprisonment for Families and Protective Factors|41
2|Penal Power, Punishment and Social Justice|44
2|Instrumental Research Interests|46
2|Prisoner Survival|46
2|Desistance from Crime|47
2|Reflection|48
2|Extending the Field of Vision|49
2|Conclusion|52
2|References|53
1|3 Inmate Social Ties, Recidivism, and Continuing Questions About Prison Visitation|62
2|Introduction|62
2|The (Theoretical) Salience of Prison Visitation for Recidivism|63
2|Empirical Studies of Prison Visitation Effects on Recidivism|65
2|A New Conceptual Framework—Five Critical Questions for Future Visitation and Recidivism Theory and Research|67
3|First—Does Visitation Have a Causal Effect?|68
3|Second—What Are the Intervening or Causal Mechanisms?|71
3|Third—When, or Under What Conditions, Does Visitation Have an Effect?|73
3|Fourth—What Are the Predictors of and Barriers to Visitation?|75
3|Fifth—Are There Plausible Alternatives to Visitation?|77
2|Conclusion|78
2|References|79
1|4 Developments and Next Steps in Theorizing the Secondary Prisonization of Families|86
2|Introduction|86
2|Secondary Prisonization|87
2|Applications and Developments of Secondary Prisonization|89
2|Horizons for Future Research|93
2|A Decade Later, Still Doing Time Together|95
2|References|98
1|5 Who Are Prisoners’ Family Members? Towards an Holistic and Intersectional Framework|101
2|Limitations in Understanding Prisoners’ Family Members|102
2|Expanded Conceptions of Family Members of the Incarcerated|104
2|Intersectional Frameworks and Family Members|107
2|Case Studies|108
3|Rosa: Victimization and Intergenerational Incarceration|109
3|Dante: Intimate Partnerships and Fathering from Prison|110
2|Conclusion|112
2|References|114
1|6 A Holistic Approach to Prisoners’ Families—From Arrest to Release|118
2|The Criminal Justice Process—From a Family Perspective|118
2|Arrest|119
2|Pre-trial|122
2|Prison Regimes, Visits, and Contact|124
2|Release and Re-entry|130
2|References|133
1|7 Opportunities and Challenges for Work on Behalf of Families Affected by Imprisonment: The Experience of Families Outside|138
2|Background|139
2|Direct Support|141
3|Database|142
3|Publications|143
2|Family Focus|144
3|Collaborative Working|146
2|Training|148
2|Policy and Practice|150
2|Common Challenges|152
2|Connectivity and Conclusions|155
2|References|156
1|Part II Different Perspectives: Widening the Lens|158
1|8 Experiences of Male Partners of Women Prisoners|159
2|Introduction|159
2|Incarceration, Marital Stability, and Prisoners’ Reentry|160
2|Methodology|162
3|Research Method|162
3|Research Tool|163
3|Participants|163
3|Research Procedure|164
3|Data Analysis|164
3|Validity and Credibility|165
2|Findings|165
3|Perceptions of Marital Relations with Imprisoned Wives|165
4|Commitment and Motivation|165
4|Love|166
3|Perceptions of Wives’ Criminal Conduct|168
3|Difficulties in Marital Relationships with Incarcerated Wives|169
3|Preconditions for the Continuation of Marital Relationships Between Normative Men and Incarcerated Wives|170
4|Length of Prison Sentence|170
4|Length of Marriage Prior to Incarceration|171
3|Ways of Preserving the Marital Relationships with Incarcerated Wives|171
2|Discussion|172
2|Policy Implications|176
2|References|177
1|9 The Traumatic Bereavement of Children Experiencing the Loss of a Loved One to Death Row|182
2|The Death Penalty in the USA|184
3|Mitigation|185
3|Aggravation|186
3|Appeals|186
2|Critiques of the Death Penalty|187
2|Psychological Distress: Death Is Different|189
3|Trauma|189
3|Grief and Bereavement|190
2|Social Effects|192
3|Parenting from Death Row|192
3|Social Exclusion|193
2|Discussion|194
2|References|195
1|10 Relatives of Registered Sex Offenders: Considering the Costs of Providing Family Support|198
2|Introduction|198
2|The Present Study|200
2|Methodology|201
3|Data Collection|203
3|Analysis|203
2|Findings|204
3|Loss of Relationships|204
3|Deterioration of Relationships|206
3|Isolation|208
3|Harassment|209
3|Stigmatization|212
2|Discussion|213
2|Bibliography|217
1|11 Partners of Incarcerated Men: Questioning Caring Stereotypes|220
2|Family Support in Desistance from Crime|220
2|Prisoners’ Families|222
3|The Concept of “Family”|223
3|Theorising Women’s Caring and Social Roles|224
3|Feminist Perspectives|224
2|The Research Study|226
3|Research Sample and Method|226
3|Research Findings|227
4|Relationships and Shifting Roles and Responsibilities|227
5|Before Prison|227
5|During Prison|228
5|After Release|229
4|Economic, Health, and Social Circumstances|230
5|Employment and Training|230
5|Women’s Health|231
5|Social Support|233
4|Women’s Adjustment|234
5|Women’s Vulnerabilities|234
5|Women’s Resilience|234
2|Discussion|235
2|References|238
1|Part III Engaging with the Prison|244
1|12 A Comparison of the Position of Grandmother Carers for Children with Parents in Prison in the UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Romania and Ghana|245
2|Introduction|245
2|Background Information on Grandmothers Caring for Children with a Parent in Prison|246
2|A Brief Comparison of the Position of Families Affected by Parental Imprisonment in Each Country|249
2|Methods|251
3|Participants|252
2|Findings and Results of the Study|252
3|Grandmothers’ Commitment to Providing Care|252
3|The Impact of Stigma|254
3|Managing Changes in Roles|255
3|The Impact of Providing Care on Grandmothers’ Well-Being|257
3|Contact with Imprisoned Parents|259
3|Lack of Support for Grandmother Carers|260
2|Discussion|261
2|Conclusion|263
2|Bibliography|263
1|13 Families’ Experiences in a Prison Visitors’ Centre|267
2|Introduction|267
2|The Evolution of Prison Visitors’ Centres in the UK|269
3|The Visitors’ Centre at HMP Edinburgh|271
3|Centre Aims and Activities|272
2|Being in the Centre|274
3|Facilities and Activities|274
3|Supportive Staff|276
3|(Prison) Friendships|277
3|The Families of Sex Offenders|279
3|Complex Solidarity|282
2|Conclusion|284
2|Bibliography|286
1|14 Prison Visitation as Accessible Engagement: Encounters, Bystanders, Performance, and Inattention|289
2|Introduction|289
2|Methodology|292
3|Goffman on Social Interaction|293
4|The Coherency of the Focused Interaction|294
4|Accessible Engagements|295
4|Participants, Bystanders, and Conventional Engagement Closure|297
4|The Nature of Bystanding|300
2|Concluding Discussion|306
2|References|308
1|15 Acorn House Revisited: ‘Think Family, Up and Down and Side to Side’|311
2|Introducing Acorn House|311
2|Background Information|312
3|Mothers in Prison|312
3|Children of Mothers in Prison|313
3|Current Visiting Options|314
2|Overnight Contact|315
3|International Context|315
2|Methods|318
3|Ethics|319
3|Data Collection|319
2|Findings|320
3|Maintaining|321
3|Children’s Perspectives|321
3|Rebuilding|322
3|Daughter’s Perspective|323
3|Resolution|324
3|Extended Remit of Acorn House|325
3|Extended Remit: The Perspectives of Adult Children|325
3|Extended Use for Visitors with ‘Protected Characteristics’|326
2|Conclusion|327
2|References|328
1|Part IV Recognising the Rights of Prisoners’ Families|332
1|16 The Rights of Children with an Imprisoned Parent in the Republic of Ireland|333
2|Introduction|333
2|Context of Irish Prison Visits|334
2|Children’s Rights and Parental Incarceration|335
2|The Study|337
3|Methodology|337
2|The Findings: Children’s Rights Behind the Prison Walls?|338
3|The Challenges of a Children’s Rights-Based Approach|338
4|Non-Discrimination|339
3|Best Interests Principle|340
4|The Child’s Right to Development (Art. 6 CRC)|341
4|Child-Appropriate Environment|342
3|The Promotion of a Child-Friendly Visit|345
4|Voice of the Child (Art 12)|347
4|Visits as Interventions|347
2|Discussion|349
2|Conclusions and Recommendations for Reform|350
2|Bibliography|353
1|17 Hearing Children’s Voices in Studies of Familial Incarceration: Experiences from a Canadian Study|355
2|Introduction|355
2|Emerging Voices|356
2|Valuing Children’s Voices: An Ideological Shift|360
2|Experiences of a Canadian Study|363
3|Practice Issue 1: Recruitment Challenges|366
3|Practice Issue 2: Ethical Research Practices with Child Participants|368
3|Practice Issue 3: Creative Methodologies|371
2|Conclusion|374
2|References|374
1|18 The Rights of Children of Imprisoned Parents|379
2|Introduction and Context|379
2|Sources of Rights for Children of Incarcerated Parents|380
3|International Obligations|380
4|The Role of the UN|381
4|The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child|382
4|The European Convention on Human Rights|383
3|Domestic Constitutional Principles and Legislation as Sources of Rights for Children of Incarcerated Parents|384
2|Recognising Children’s Rights|385
3|Recognising the Rights of Children When Sentencing a Parent|385
3|The Rights of Children Inside and Outside the Prison|391
2|Conclusion|392
2|Bibliography|396
1|19 A Labour of Love: The Experiences of Parents of Prisoners and Their Role as Human Rights Protectors|399
2|The Missing Family Members?|399
2|Prisoners’ Families and Human Rights|401
2|Research Context and Participants|403
2|Literary Synergies: Exploring the Experiences of Prisoners’ Parents|404
3|Parenting from a Distance|404
3|Troubled Parenting Identity|405
3|Social Reaction|407
3|The Burden of Care|407
2|The Human Rights Protectors|409
3|Daniel’s Tale—Protection from Violence|410
3|Stuart and Janice’s Tale—Protecting Mental Health|412
2|Human Rights Implications|413
2|Concluding Remarks|414
2|References|416
1|Part V Beyond Imprisonment|420
1|20 Reflecting on the Value(s) of Family Interventions for People Subject to Punishment in the Community|421
2|Punishment as a Collectively Experienced and Structuring Process|421
2|The Research Project|423
2|The Policy Context, Now and Then|423
2|Defining ‘Family’ in the Context of the Criminal Justice System|425
2|The Rationale for Interventions Focussed on ‘Family’|427
3|Understanding the Context: Risk Assessment, or ‘Unpacking’ Personal History|428
3|A ‘Stable’ Home|429
3|Positive Identities, Healthy Relationships|430
2|The Significance of Project Philosophies, Funding and ‘Impact’|431
3|A User-Led Philosophy|431
3|‘Troubled Families’: Policy Rhetoric Versus Practice Reality|432
3|Who ‘Pays’ for It and What Does This Mean|433
3|Defining and Measuring the ‘Impact’ of Family Interventions|434
2|Concluding Section|436
2|References|438
1|21 Mothering Under Community Criminal Justice Supervision in the USA|442
2|What Is Community Criminal Justice Supervision in the USA?|445
2|Mothers Under Community Criminal Justice Supervision|446
2|Women Under Community Supervision: Parenting as One of Many Challenges|448
3|The Challenge of Remaining Free|448
3|The Challenge of Acquiring Basic Necessities|450
3|The Challenge of Attaining or Maintaining Health|451
2|Community Criminal Justice Programming for Women with Children|453
2|Recommendations|454
2|Conclusion|457
2|Bibliography|457
1|22 Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Behaviour|467
2|Theoretical Background of Intergenerational Transmission|468
3|Parental Incarceration and Offspring Offending|472
4|Negative Outcomes of Parental Incarceration|473
3|Positive Outcomes of Parental Incarceration|473
2|Empirical Evidence of Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Behaviour|474
3|Moderating Variables Potentially Influencing Intergenerational Transmission|475
4|Parental Gender|475
4|Offspring Gender|475
4|Parent-Child Gender Combinations|476
4|Social Environment: Time and Place|476
2|Empirical Evidence on the Effect of Parental Incarceration|477
3|Limitations of the Empirical Evidence and Directions for Future Research|478
3|Policy and Practice Considerations|479
2|Conclusion|480
2|References|481
1|23 Intergenerational Social Exclusion in Prisoners’ Families|489
2|Background|489
2|Family Imprisonment and Social Exclusion|490
3|The Current Study|492
2|Method|493
3|Data|493
3|Measures|497
2|Results|497
2|Conclusion|507
2|Bibliography|508
1|24 School Experiences of Children of Prisoners: Strengthening Support in Schools in England and Wales|512
2|Children of Prisoners: Facts and Figures|512
2|Children of Prisoners: Support Needs|514
2|Children of Prisoners: Experiences of School|516
2|Children of Prisoners: How Support in Schools Can Be Improved|519
3|Raise Awareness in Schools|519
3|Focusing on the Child|520
3|Be Supportive|521
3|Support Prison Visiting|522
3|Work in Partnership|523
3|Remember That the Child Has Done Nothing Wrong|524
2|Bibliography|524
1|Index|528
1|Contents|8
1|Notes on Contributors|12
1|List of Figures|22
1|List of Tables|23
1|1 Introduction|24
2|Prison and the Family|24
2|Approaches and Perspectives|26
2|References|32
1|Part I Contemporary Issues: Understanding Prisoners’ Families|35
1|2 Prisoners’ Families’ Research: Developments, Debates and Directions|36
2|Introduction|36
2|From ‘Out of Sight’ to ‘In Mind’|37
2|Generating Insights: Developments in Prisoners’ Families’ Research|40
2|Intrinsic Research Interests|40
2|Risks of Imprisonment for Families and Protective Factors|41
2|Penal Power, Punishment and Social Justice|44
2|Instrumental Research Interests|46
2|Prisoner Survival|46
2|Desistance from Crime|47
2|Reflection|48
2|Extending the Field of Vision|49
2|Conclusion|52
2|References|53
1|3 Inmate Social Ties, Recidivism, and Continuing Questions About Prison Visitation|62
2|Introduction|62
2|The (Theoretical) Salience of Prison Visitation for Recidivism|63
2|Empirical Studies of Prison Visitation Effects on Recidivism|65
2|A New Conceptual Framework—Five Critical Questions for Future Visitation and Recidivism Theory and Research|67
3|First—Does Visitation Have a Causal Effect?|68
3|Second—What Are the Intervening or Causal Mechanisms?|71
3|Third—When, or Under What Conditions, Does Visitation Have an Effect?|73
3|Fourth—What Are the Predictors of and Barriers to Visitation?|75
3|Fifth—Are There Plausible Alternatives to Visitation?|77
2|Conclusion|78
2|References|79
1|4 Developments and Next Steps in Theorizing the Secondary Prisonization of Families|86
2|Introduction|86
2|Secondary Prisonization|87
2|Applications and Developments of Secondary Prisonization|89
2|Horizons for Future Research|93
2|A Decade Later, Still Doing Time Together|95
2|References|98
1|5 Who Are Prisoners’ Family Members? Towards an Holistic and Intersectional Framework|101
2|Limitations in Understanding Prisoners’ Family Members|102
2|Expanded Conceptions of Family Members of the Incarcerated|104
2|Intersectional Frameworks and Family Members|107
2|Case Studies|108
3|Rosa: Victimization and Intergenerational Incarceration|109
3|Dante: Intimate Partnerships and Fathering from Prison|110
2|Conclusion|112
2|References|114
1|6 A Holistic Approach to Prisoners’ Families—From Arrest to Release|118
2|The Criminal Justice Process—From a Family Perspective|118
2|Arrest|119
2|Pre-trial|122
2|Prison Regimes, Visits, and Contact|124
2|Release and Re-entry|130
2|References|133
1|7 Opportunities and Challenges for Work on Behalf of Families Affected by Imprisonment: The Experience of Families Outside|138
2|Background|139
2|Direct Support|141
3|Database|142
3|Publications|143
2|Family Focus|144
3|Collaborative Working|146
2|Training|148
2|Policy and Practice|150
2|Common Challenges|152
2|Connectivity and Conclusions|155
2|References|156
1|Part II Different Perspectives: Widening the Lens|158
1|8 Experiences of Male Partners of Women Prisoners|159
2|Introduction|159
2|Incarceration, Marital Stability, and Prisoners’ Reentry|160
2|Methodology|162
3|Research Method|162
3|Research Tool|163
3|Participants|163
3|Research Procedure|164
3|Data Analysis|164
3|Validity and Credibility|165
2|Findings|165
3|Perceptions of Marital Relations with Imprisoned Wives|165
4|Commitment and Motivation|165
4|Love|166
3|Perceptions of Wives’ Criminal Conduct|168
3|Difficulties in Marital Relationships with Incarcerated Wives|169
3|Preconditions for the Continuation of Marital Relationships Between Normative Men and Incarcerated Wives|170
4|Length of Prison Sentence|170
4|Length of Marriage Prior to Incarceration|171
3|Ways of Preserving the Marital Relationships with Incarcerated Wives|171
2|Discussion|172
2|Policy Implications|176
2|References|177
1|9 The Traumatic Bereavement of Children Experiencing the Loss of a Loved One to Death Row|182
2|The Death Penalty in the USA|184
3|Mitigation|185
3|Aggravation|186
3|Appeals|186
2|Critiques of the Death Penalty|187
2|Psychological Distress: Death Is Different|189
3|Trauma|189
3|Grief and Bereavement|190
2|Social Effects|192
3|Parenting from Death Row|192
3|Social Exclusion|193
2|Discussion|194
2|References|195
1|10 Relatives of Registered Sex Offenders: Considering the Costs of Providing Family Support|198
2|Introduction|198
2|The Present Study|200
2|Methodology|201
3|Data Collection|203
3|Analysis|203
2|Findings|204
3|Loss of Relationships|204
3|Deterioration of Relationships|206
3|Isolation|208
3|Harassment|209
3|Stigmatization|212
2|Discussion|213
2|Bibliography|217
1|11 Partners of Incarcerated Men: Questioning Caring Stereotypes|220
2|Family Support in Desistance from Crime|220
2|Prisoners’ Families|222
3|The Concept of “Family”|223
3|Theorising Women’s Caring and Social Roles|224
3|Feminist Perspectives|224
2|The Research Study|226
3|Research Sample and Method|226
3|Research Findings|227
4|Relationships and Shifting Roles and Responsibilities|227
5|Before Prison|227
5|During Prison|228
5|After Release|229
4|Economic, Health, and Social Circumstances|230
5|Employment and Training|230
5|Women’s Health|231
5|Social Support|233
4|Women’s Adjustment|234
5|Women’s Vulnerabilities|234
5|Women’s Resilience|234
2|Discussion|235
2|References|238
1|Part III Engaging with the Prison|244
1|12 A Comparison of the Position of Grandmother Carers for Children with Parents in Prison in the UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Romania and Ghana|245
2|Introduction|245
2|Background Information on Grandmothers Caring for Children with a Parent in Prison|246
2|A Brief Comparison of the Position of Families Affected by Parental Imprisonment in Each Country|249
2|Methods|251
3|Participants|252
2|Findings and Results of the Study|252
3|Grandmothers’ Commitment to Providing Care|252
3|The Impact of Stigma|254
3|Managing Changes in Roles|255
3|The Impact of Providing Care on Grandmothers’ Well-Being|257
3|Contact with Imprisoned Parents|259
3|Lack of Support for Grandmother Carers|260
2|Discussion|261
2|Conclusion|263
2|Bibliography|263
1|13 Families’ Experiences in a Prison Visitors’ Centre|267
2|Introduction|267
2|The Evolution of Prison Visitors’ Centres in the UK|269
3|The Visitors’ Centre at HMP Edinburgh|271
3|Centre Aims and Activities|272
2|Being in the Centre|274
3|Facilities and Activities|274
3|Supportive Staff|276
3|(Prison) Friendships|277
3|The Families of Sex Offenders|279
3|Complex Solidarity|282
2|Conclusion|284
2|Bibliography|286
1|14 Prison Visitation as Accessible Engagement: Encounters, Bystanders, Performance, and Inattention|289
2|Introduction|289
2|Methodology|292
3|Goffman on Social Interaction|293
4|The Coherency of the Focused Interaction|294
4|Accessible Engagements|295
4|Participants, Bystanders, and Conventional Engagement Closure|297
4|The Nature of Bystanding|300
2|Concluding Discussion|306
2|References|308
1|15 Acorn House Revisited: ‘Think Family, Up and Down and Side to Side’|311
2|Introducing Acorn House|311
2|Background Information|312
3|Mothers in Prison|312
3|Children of Mothers in Prison|313
3|Current Visiting Options|314
2|Overnight Contact|315
3|International Context|315
2|Methods|318
3|Ethics|319
3|Data Collection|319
2|Findings|320
3|Maintaining|321
3|Children’s Perspectives|321
3|Rebuilding|322
3|Daughter’s Perspective|323
3|Resolution|324
3|Extended Remit of Acorn House|325
3|Extended Remit: The Perspectives of Adult Children|325
3|Extended Use for Visitors with ‘Protected Characteristics’|326
2|Conclusion|327
2|References|328
1|Part IV Recognising the Rights of Prisoners’ Families|332
1|16 The Rights of Children with an Imprisoned Parent in the Republic of Ireland|333
2|Introduction|333
2|Context of Irish Prison Visits|334
2|Children’s Rights and Parental Incarceration|335
2|The Study|337
3|Methodology|337
2|The Findings: Children’s Rights Behind the Prison Walls?|338
3|The Challenges of a Children’s Rights-Based Approach|338
4|Non-Discrimination|339
3|Best Interests Principle|340
4|The Child’s Right to Development (Art. 6 CRC)|341
4|Child-Appropriate Environment|342
3|The Promotion of a Child-Friendly Visit|345
4|Voice of the Child (Art 12)|347
4|Visits as Interventions|347
2|Discussion|349
2|Conclusions and Recommendations for Reform|350
2|Bibliography|353
1|17 Hearing Children’s Voices in Studies of Familial Incarceration: Experiences from a Canadian Study|355
2|Introduction|355
2|Emerging Voices|356
2|Valuing Children’s Voices: An Ideological Shift|360
2|Experiences of a Canadian Study|363
3|Practice Issue 1: Recruitment Challenges|366
3|Practice Issue 2: Ethical Research Practices with Child Participants|368
3|Practice Issue 3: Creative Methodologies|371
2|Conclusion|374
2|References|374
1|18 The Rights of Children of Imprisoned Parents|379
2|Introduction and Context|379
2|Sources of Rights for Children of Incarcerated Parents|380
3|International Obligations|380
4|The Role of the UN|381
4|The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child|382
4|The European Convention on Human Rights|383
3|Domestic Constitutional Principles and Legislation as Sources of Rights for Children of Incarcerated Parents|384
2|Recognising Children’s Rights|385
3|Recognising the Rights of Children When Sentencing a Parent|385
3|The Rights of Children Inside and Outside the Prison|391
2|Conclusion|392
2|Bibliography|396
1|19 A Labour of Love: The Experiences of Parents of Prisoners and Their Role as Human Rights Protectors|399
2|The Missing Family Members?|399
2|Prisoners’ Families and Human Rights|401
2|Research Context and Participants|403
2|Literary Synergies: Exploring the Experiences of Prisoners’ Parents|404
3|Parenting from a Distance|404
3|Troubled Parenting Identity|405
3|Social Reaction|407
3|The Burden of Care|407
2|The Human Rights Protectors|409
3|Daniel’s Tale—Protection from Violence|410
3|Stuart and Janice’s Tale—Protecting Mental Health|412
2|Human Rights Implications|413
2|Concluding Remarks|414
2|References|416
1|Part V Beyond Imprisonment|420
1|20 Reflecting on the Value(s) of Family Interventions for People Subject to Punishment in the Community|421
2|Punishment as a Collectively Experienced and Structuring Process|421
2|The Research Project|423
2|The Policy Context, Now and Then|423
2|Defining ‘Family’ in the Context of the Criminal Justice System|425
2|The Rationale for Interventions Focussed on ‘Family’|427
3|Understanding the Context: Risk Assessment, or ‘Unpacking’ Personal History|428
3|A ‘Stable’ Home|429
3|Positive Identities, Healthy Relationships|430
2|The Significance of Project Philosophies, Funding and ‘Impact’|431
3|A User-Led Philosophy|431
3|‘Troubled Families’: Policy Rhetoric Versus Practice Reality|432
3|Who ‘Pays’ for It and What Does This Mean|433
3|Defining and Measuring the ‘Impact’ of Family Interventions|434
2|Concluding Section|436
2|References|438
1|21 Mothering Under Community Criminal Justice Supervision in the USA|442
2|What Is Community Criminal Justice Supervision in the USA?|445
2|Mothers Under Community Criminal Justice Supervision|446
2|Women Under Community Supervision: Parenting as One of Many Challenges|448
3|The Challenge of Remaining Free|448
3|The Challenge of Acquiring Basic Necessities|450
3|The Challenge of Attaining or Maintaining Health|451
2|Community Criminal Justice Programming for Women with Children|453
2|Recommendations|454
2|Conclusion|457
2|Bibliography|457
1|22 Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Behaviour|467
2|Theoretical Background of Intergenerational Transmission|468
3|Parental Incarceration and Offspring Offending|472
4|Negative Outcomes of Parental Incarceration|473
3|Positive Outcomes of Parental Incarceration|473
2|Empirical Evidence of Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Behaviour|474
3|Moderating Variables Potentially Influencing Intergenerational Transmission|475
4|Parental Gender|475
4|Offspring Gender|475
4|Parent-Child Gender Combinations|476
4|Social Environment: Time and Place|476
2|Empirical Evidence on the Effect of Parental Incarceration|477
3|Limitations of the Empirical Evidence and Directions for Future Research|478
3|Policy and Practice Considerations|479
2|Conclusion|480
2|References|481
1|23 Intergenerational Social Exclusion in Prisoners’ Families|489
2|Background|489
2|Family Imprisonment and Social Exclusion|490
3|The Current Study|492
2|Method|493
3|Data|493
3|Measures|497
2|Results|497
2|Conclusion|507
2|Bibliography|508
1|24 School Experiences of Children of Prisoners: Strengthening Support in Schools in England and Wales|512
2|Children of Prisoners: Facts and Figures|512
2|Children of Prisoners: Support Needs|514
2|Children of Prisoners: Experiences of School|516
2|Children of Prisoners: How Support in Schools Can Be Improved|519
3|Raise Awareness in Schools|519
3|Focusing on the Child|520
3|Be Supportive|521
3|Support Prison Visiting|522
3|Work in Partnership|523
3|Remember That the Child Has Done Nothing Wrong|524
2|Bibliography|524
1|Index|528