File #2688: "2019_Book_Sweetie20.pdf"
Text
1|Outline placeholder|0
2|Editorial Office|6
1|Foreword|7
1|Contents|10
1|Editors and Contributors|12
1|1 Legal Aspects of Sweetie 2.0|16
2|Abstract|17
2|1.1 Introduction|18
3|1.1.1 Aims and Challenges|18
3|1.1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions|19
3|1.1.3 Research Methodology|20
3|1.1.4 Structure of the Chapter|22
3|1.1.5 Sweetie|22
3|1.1.6 Technology|23
2|1.2 Substantive Criminal Law|24
3|1.2.1 Criminalisation of Abuse of Minors and International Harmonisation|24
3|1.2.2 Issues Pertaining to the Criminalisation of Webcam Sex with Minors|36
3|1.2.3 Complicating Factors in Substantive Law Related to Sweetie|42
3|1.2.4 Criminalisation of Attempt|45
3|1.2.5 Summary and Conclusion|53
2|1.3 Criminal Procedural Law Aspects|58
3|1.3.1 Human Rights Protection in (Online) Investigations|58
3|1.3.2 Use of Investigative Powers in an Online Context|60
3|1.3.3 Sweetie as an Investigative Method|62
3|1.3.4 Authorised Use of Sweetie by Law Enforcement|63
3|1.3.5 Possible Human Rights Infringements through Sweetie|63
3|1.3.6 Necessity in a Democratic Society|68
3|1.3.7 Legitimacy of the Use of Sweetie|70
3|1.3.8 Summary and Conclusions|83
2|1.4 Digital Forensics|84
3|1.4.1 Generally Accepted Standards|85
3|1.4.2 Implementation of Digital Forensics in the Compared Jurisdictions|85
3|1.4.3 Storing Data from Online Chats and Chatroom Activity|87
3|1.4.4 Summary and Conclusion|87
2|1.5 Jurisdictional Concerns with the Application of Sweetie|88
3|1.5.1 Grounds for the Exercise of Jurisdiction in Cybercrime Investigations|88
3|1.5.2 Translating the Jurisdictional Rules to the Context of Sweetie|92
3|1.5.3 Conclusion|95
2|1.6 Effective and Legitimate Use of Sweetie: The Way Forward|95
3|1.6.1 Substantive Law Restrictions|95
3|1.6.2 Procedural Law Restrictions|97
3|1.6.3 Addressing Jurisdictional Constraints|97
2|1.7 Summary and Conclusion|98
3|1.7.1 Substantive Criminal Law Issues|99
3|1.7.2 Criminal Procedure Law Issues|101
3|1.7.3 Jurisdiction|102
2|Acknowledgements|103
2|References|103
2|Country Reports|105
2|Legal Instruments|105
2|Case Law: Australia|106
2|Case Law: Belgium|106
2|Case Law: Canada|106
2|Case Law: Croatia|106
2|Case Law: ECtHR|106
2|Case Law: England and Wales|107
2|Case Law: Estonia|107
2|Case Law: Israel|107
2|Case Law: The Netherlands|107
2|Case Law: The Philippines|107
2|Case Law: Scotland|107
2|Case Law: South Korea|108
2|Case Law: Spain|108
2|Case Law: United States|108
1|2 Sexual-Orientated Online Chat Conversations—Characteristics and Testing Pathways of Online Perpetrators|110
2|Abstract|110
2|2.1 Introduction|111
3|2.1.1 Characteristics of Online Perpetrators|112
3|2.1.2 Pathway Model for Perpetrators|113
3|2.1.3 Modus Operandi: Opening the Black Box of Online Sexual Behaviour Strategies|114
3|2.1.4 Current Study|115
2|2.2 Method|115
3|2.2.1 Perpetrator Demographic Characteristics|115
3|2.2.2 Material and Procedure|115
3|2.2.3 Data Coding|116
3|2.2.4 Analytic Approach|116
2|2.3 Results|117
3|2.3.1 Perpetrator Strategies|117
3|2.3.2 Perpetrator Strategies with Correlations|117
3|2.3.3 Perpetrator Strategies with Qualitative Examples|118
3|2.3.4 Perpetrator Pathways|122
2|2.4 Discussion|122
2|2.5 Limitations|124
2|2.6 Conclusion|125
2|References|125
1|3 Sweetie 2.0 Technology: Technical Challenges of Making the Sweetie 2.0 Chatbot|128
2|Abstract|128
2|3.1 The Challenge|129
2|3.2 Functional Requirements|130
2|3.3 Overview of the Sweetie 2.0 Platform|131
2|3.4 Building Sweetie 2.0|132
2|3.5 A Man-in-the-Middle|134
2|3.6 Sweetie 3D Avatar|135
2|3.7 Rules of Engagement|136
2|3.8 Capturing Data Streams|137
2|3.9 Using the Sweetie 2.0 Platform|138
3|3.9.1 Operator|139
3|3.9.2 Analyst|140
3|3.9.3 Administrator|142
2|3.10 Architecture Design|142
3|3.10.1 Connectors|142
3|3.10.2 Front-End|143
3|3.10.3 Intervention|143
3|3.10.4 Databases|143
3|3.10.5 Controller|144
3|3.10.6 Chatbot|144
2|3.11 Identifying Persons of Interest|144
2|3.12 Results|145
2|3.13 Conclusions and Recommendations|146
2|Acknowledgement|148
2|References|148
1|4 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in Australia to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|150
2|Abstract|150
2|4.1 Introduction|151
3|4.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|151
3|4.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|153
2|4.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|154
3|4.2.1 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offences|162
3|4.2.2 Interim Conclusion|168
3|4.2.3 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|169
2|4.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|171
3|4.3.1 General Description of Legal Framework|171
2|4.4 Conclusions and Recommendations|177
2|Acknowledgements|178
2|Relevant Legal Provisions (in Original)|178
3|Division 272—Child Sex Offences Outside Australia|178
3|Division 474—Telecommunications Offences|182
2|References|196
1|5 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in Belgium to Combat Webcam-Related Sexual Child Abuse|198
2|Abstract|198
2|5.1 Introduction: Legislation in Belgium|199
3|5.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|199
3|5.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|200
2|5.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|201
3|5.2.1 Introduction|201
3|5.2.2 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offences|201
3|5.2.3 Potential Obstacle in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie: The Use of a Virtual Minor|218
2|5.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|219
3|5.3.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|219
3|5.3.2 Investigatory Powers|222
3|5.3.3 Succinct Overview of Secret Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|231
3|5.3.4 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|235
3|5.3.5 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|237
2|5.4 Conclusions|238
2|Annex: Relevant Legal Provisions|239
2|Preliminary Title of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Voorafgaande titel Wetboek van Strafvordering)|245
2|Code of Criminal Procedure (Wetboek van Strafvordering)|245
3|Sneak and Peek Operation|246
3|Special Investigation Methods: Observation and Infiltration|248
3|Covert Communication and Computer Search|253
2|References|255
1|6 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in the Republic of Croatia to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|258
2|Abstract|258
2|6.1 Introduction: Legislation in Croatia|259
3|6.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|259
3|6.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|263
2|6.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|264
3|6.2.1 Introduction|264
3|6.2.2 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offences|264
3|6.2.3 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|273
2|6.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|276
3|6.3.1 General Description of Legal Framework|276
3|6.3.2 Investigatory Powers|278
3|6.3.3 Succinct Overview of Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|283
3|6.3.4 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|286
3|6.3.5 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|288
2|6.4 Conclusions and Recommendations|288
2|Annex|290
3|Relevant Legal Provisions (in Original)|290
3|English Translation of Relevant Legal Provisions|297
2|References|303
2|Legislation|304
2|Case Law|304
1|7 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in England and Wales to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|306
2|Abstract|306
2|7.1 The Legal System in England and Wales|307
3|7.1.1 Criminal Trials|308
3|7.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|310
3|7.1.3 Jurisdiction|311
2|7.2 Sexual Offence Laws|312
3|7.2.1 Sexual Abuse|315
3|7.2.2 Sexual Exploitation (“Child Prostitution”)|318
3|7.2.3 Offences Relating to Child Pornography|322
3|7.2.4 Offences Concerning the Participation of a Child in Pornographic Performances|328
3|7.2.5 Corruption of Children|329
3|7.2.6 Solicitation of a Minor|330
3|7.2.7 Sexual Communication|337
3|7.2.8 The Law of Attempt|338
2|7.3 Criminal Procedure|340
3|7.3.1 Preservation of Data|343
3|7.3.2 Disclosure of Data (Articles 17 and 18)|345
3|7.3.3 Search and Seizure of Stored Computer Data (Article 19)|347
3|7.3.4 Interception of Content Data (Article 21)|349
2|7.4 The Protection of Privacy|351
3|7.4.1 Investigatory Powers Commissioners|352
3|7.4.2 Investigatory Powers Tribunal|354
2|7.5 Entrapment|355
2|7.6 Conclusion|357
2|References|358
1|8 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in Estonia to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|360
2|Abstract|360
2|8.1 Introduction—Legislation in Estonia|361
3|8.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|361
3|8.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|365
2|8.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|366
3|8.2.1 Relevant Criminal Offences|366
3|8.2.2 Interim Conclusion|376
3|8.2.3 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|377
2|8.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|378
3|8.3.1 Pre-trial Procedure|378
3|8.3.2 Court Procedure|380
3|8.3.3 Investigatory Powers|381
3|8.3.4 Human Rights|387
3|8.3.5 Succinct Overview of Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|391
3|8.3.6 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|392
3|8.3.7 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|393
2|8.4 Evaluation|394
3|8.4.1 Substantive Criminal Law|394
3|8.4.2 Substantive Criminal Procedure Law|395
2|8.5 Summary and Conclusions|395
2|References|396
1|9 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in Israel to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|398
2|Abstract|398
2|9.1 Introduction: Legislation in Israel|399
3|9.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|399
3|9.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|401
2|9.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|402
3|9.2.1 Introduction|402
3|9.2.2 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offences|404
3|9.2.3 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|409
2|9.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|410
3|9.3.1 General Description of Legal Framework|410
3|9.3.2 Investigatory Powers|411
3|9.3.3 Succinct Overview of Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|413
3|9.3.4 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|414
3|9.3.5 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|415
2|9.4 Miscellaneous|415
2|9.5 Conclusions and Recommendations|417
2|Annex|419
3|Relevant Legal Provisions (in Original)|419
3|English Translation of Relevant Legal Provisions|427
4|The Penal Code|427
4|Criminal Procedure Law [Consolidated Version], 1982|435
4|Criminal Procedure (Arrest and Search) (new version) 1969|436
4|Wiretap Law 1979|436
4|Law of Criminal Procedure (Enforcement Authorities—Communication Data) 2007|437
4|International Workshop on Sweetie—June 30, 2016|437
2|Further Reading|437
2|Relevant Case Law|438
1|10 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in the Netherlands to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|440
2|Abstract|440
2|10.1 Introduction: Legislation in the Netherlands|441
3|10.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|441
3|10.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|444
2|10.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|444
3|10.2.1 Introduction|444
3|10.2.2 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offences|445
3|10.2.3 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|452
2|10.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|454
3|10.3.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|454
3|10.3.2 Investigatory Powers and Human Rights|456
3|10.3.3 Succinct Overview of Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|459
3|10.3.4 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|463
3|10.3.5 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|466
2|10.4 Evaluation|467
3|10.4.1 Substantive Criminal Law|467
3|10.4.2 Criminal Procedure Law|468
3|10.4.3 Summary and Conclusions|468
2|References|468
2|Relevant Case Law|469
1|11 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in the Philippines to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|470
2|Abstract|470
2|11.1 Introduction: Legislation in the Philippines|471
3|11.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|471
3|11.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|473
2|11.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|474
3|11.2.1 Introduction|474
3|11.2.2 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offenses|474
3|11.2.3 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|487
2|11.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|491
3|11.3.1 General Description of Legal Framework|491
3|11.3.2 Investigatory Powers|495
3|11.3.3 Succinct Overview of Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|497
3|11.3.4 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|499
3|11.3.5 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|500
2|11.4 Miscellaneous|500
2|11.5 Conclusions and Recommendations|502
2|Table of Case Law and Legislation|503
1|12 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in the United States of America to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|505
2|Abstract|505
2|12.1 Introduction: Legislation in the United States of America|506
3|12.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|506
3|12.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|507
2|12.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|508
3|12.2.1 Introduction|508
3|12.2.2 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offences|508
2|12.3 Conclusion|515
3|12.3.1 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|516
2|12.4 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|517
3|12.4.1 General Description of Legal Framework|517
3|12.4.2 Investigatory Powers|518
3|12.4.3 Succinct Overview of Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|521
3|12.4.4 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|524
3|12.4.5 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|526
2|12.5 Miscellaneous|526
2|12.6 Conclusions and Recommendations|526
2|Annex|528
3|Relevant Legal Provisions (in Original)|528
2|References|555
2|Relevant Case Law|555
2|Relevant Law|556
2|Editorial Office|6
1|Foreword|7
1|Contents|10
1|Editors and Contributors|12
1|1 Legal Aspects of Sweetie 2.0|16
2|Abstract|17
2|1.1 Introduction|18
3|1.1.1 Aims and Challenges|18
3|1.1.2 Problem Statement and Research Questions|19
3|1.1.3 Research Methodology|20
3|1.1.4 Structure of the Chapter|22
3|1.1.5 Sweetie|22
3|1.1.6 Technology|23
2|1.2 Substantive Criminal Law|24
3|1.2.1 Criminalisation of Abuse of Minors and International Harmonisation|24
3|1.2.2 Issues Pertaining to the Criminalisation of Webcam Sex with Minors|36
3|1.2.3 Complicating Factors in Substantive Law Related to Sweetie|42
3|1.2.4 Criminalisation of Attempt|45
3|1.2.5 Summary and Conclusion|53
2|1.3 Criminal Procedural Law Aspects|58
3|1.3.1 Human Rights Protection in (Online) Investigations|58
3|1.3.2 Use of Investigative Powers in an Online Context|60
3|1.3.3 Sweetie as an Investigative Method|62
3|1.3.4 Authorised Use of Sweetie by Law Enforcement|63
3|1.3.5 Possible Human Rights Infringements through Sweetie|63
3|1.3.6 Necessity in a Democratic Society|68
3|1.3.7 Legitimacy of the Use of Sweetie|70
3|1.3.8 Summary and Conclusions|83
2|1.4 Digital Forensics|84
3|1.4.1 Generally Accepted Standards|85
3|1.4.2 Implementation of Digital Forensics in the Compared Jurisdictions|85
3|1.4.3 Storing Data from Online Chats and Chatroom Activity|87
3|1.4.4 Summary and Conclusion|87
2|1.5 Jurisdictional Concerns with the Application of Sweetie|88
3|1.5.1 Grounds for the Exercise of Jurisdiction in Cybercrime Investigations|88
3|1.5.2 Translating the Jurisdictional Rules to the Context of Sweetie|92
3|1.5.3 Conclusion|95
2|1.6 Effective and Legitimate Use of Sweetie: The Way Forward|95
3|1.6.1 Substantive Law Restrictions|95
3|1.6.2 Procedural Law Restrictions|97
3|1.6.3 Addressing Jurisdictional Constraints|97
2|1.7 Summary and Conclusion|98
3|1.7.1 Substantive Criminal Law Issues|99
3|1.7.2 Criminal Procedure Law Issues|101
3|1.7.3 Jurisdiction|102
2|Acknowledgements|103
2|References|103
2|Country Reports|105
2|Legal Instruments|105
2|Case Law: Australia|106
2|Case Law: Belgium|106
2|Case Law: Canada|106
2|Case Law: Croatia|106
2|Case Law: ECtHR|106
2|Case Law: England and Wales|107
2|Case Law: Estonia|107
2|Case Law: Israel|107
2|Case Law: The Netherlands|107
2|Case Law: The Philippines|107
2|Case Law: Scotland|107
2|Case Law: South Korea|108
2|Case Law: Spain|108
2|Case Law: United States|108
1|2 Sexual-Orientated Online Chat Conversations—Characteristics and Testing Pathways of Online Perpetrators|110
2|Abstract|110
2|2.1 Introduction|111
3|2.1.1 Characteristics of Online Perpetrators|112
3|2.1.2 Pathway Model for Perpetrators|113
3|2.1.3 Modus Operandi: Opening the Black Box of Online Sexual Behaviour Strategies|114
3|2.1.4 Current Study|115
2|2.2 Method|115
3|2.2.1 Perpetrator Demographic Characteristics|115
3|2.2.2 Material and Procedure|115
3|2.2.3 Data Coding|116
3|2.2.4 Analytic Approach|116
2|2.3 Results|117
3|2.3.1 Perpetrator Strategies|117
3|2.3.2 Perpetrator Strategies with Correlations|117
3|2.3.3 Perpetrator Strategies with Qualitative Examples|118
3|2.3.4 Perpetrator Pathways|122
2|2.4 Discussion|122
2|2.5 Limitations|124
2|2.6 Conclusion|125
2|References|125
1|3 Sweetie 2.0 Technology: Technical Challenges of Making the Sweetie 2.0 Chatbot|128
2|Abstract|128
2|3.1 The Challenge|129
2|3.2 Functional Requirements|130
2|3.3 Overview of the Sweetie 2.0 Platform|131
2|3.4 Building Sweetie 2.0|132
2|3.5 A Man-in-the-Middle|134
2|3.6 Sweetie 3D Avatar|135
2|3.7 Rules of Engagement|136
2|3.8 Capturing Data Streams|137
2|3.9 Using the Sweetie 2.0 Platform|138
3|3.9.1 Operator|139
3|3.9.2 Analyst|140
3|3.9.3 Administrator|142
2|3.10 Architecture Design|142
3|3.10.1 Connectors|142
3|3.10.2 Front-End|143
3|3.10.3 Intervention|143
3|3.10.4 Databases|143
3|3.10.5 Controller|144
3|3.10.6 Chatbot|144
2|3.11 Identifying Persons of Interest|144
2|3.12 Results|145
2|3.13 Conclusions and Recommendations|146
2|Acknowledgement|148
2|References|148
1|4 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in Australia to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|150
2|Abstract|150
2|4.1 Introduction|151
3|4.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|151
3|4.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|153
2|4.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|154
3|4.2.1 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offences|162
3|4.2.2 Interim Conclusion|168
3|4.2.3 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|169
2|4.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|171
3|4.3.1 General Description of Legal Framework|171
2|4.4 Conclusions and Recommendations|177
2|Acknowledgements|178
2|Relevant Legal Provisions (in Original)|178
3|Division 272—Child Sex Offences Outside Australia|178
3|Division 474—Telecommunications Offences|182
2|References|196
1|5 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in Belgium to Combat Webcam-Related Sexual Child Abuse|198
2|Abstract|198
2|5.1 Introduction: Legislation in Belgium|199
3|5.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|199
3|5.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|200
2|5.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|201
3|5.2.1 Introduction|201
3|5.2.2 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offences|201
3|5.2.3 Potential Obstacle in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie: The Use of a Virtual Minor|218
2|5.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|219
3|5.3.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|219
3|5.3.2 Investigatory Powers|222
3|5.3.3 Succinct Overview of Secret Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|231
3|5.3.4 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|235
3|5.3.5 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|237
2|5.4 Conclusions|238
2|Annex: Relevant Legal Provisions|239
2|Preliminary Title of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Voorafgaande titel Wetboek van Strafvordering)|245
2|Code of Criminal Procedure (Wetboek van Strafvordering)|245
3|Sneak and Peek Operation|246
3|Special Investigation Methods: Observation and Infiltration|248
3|Covert Communication and Computer Search|253
2|References|255
1|6 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in the Republic of Croatia to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|258
2|Abstract|258
2|6.1 Introduction: Legislation in Croatia|259
3|6.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|259
3|6.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|263
2|6.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|264
3|6.2.1 Introduction|264
3|6.2.2 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offences|264
3|6.2.3 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|273
2|6.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|276
3|6.3.1 General Description of Legal Framework|276
3|6.3.2 Investigatory Powers|278
3|6.3.3 Succinct Overview of Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|283
3|6.3.4 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|286
3|6.3.5 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|288
2|6.4 Conclusions and Recommendations|288
2|Annex|290
3|Relevant Legal Provisions (in Original)|290
3|English Translation of Relevant Legal Provisions|297
2|References|303
2|Legislation|304
2|Case Law|304
1|7 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in England and Wales to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|306
2|Abstract|306
2|7.1 The Legal System in England and Wales|307
3|7.1.1 Criminal Trials|308
3|7.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|310
3|7.1.3 Jurisdiction|311
2|7.2 Sexual Offence Laws|312
3|7.2.1 Sexual Abuse|315
3|7.2.2 Sexual Exploitation (“Child Prostitution”)|318
3|7.2.3 Offences Relating to Child Pornography|322
3|7.2.4 Offences Concerning the Participation of a Child in Pornographic Performances|328
3|7.2.5 Corruption of Children|329
3|7.2.6 Solicitation of a Minor|330
3|7.2.7 Sexual Communication|337
3|7.2.8 The Law of Attempt|338
2|7.3 Criminal Procedure|340
3|7.3.1 Preservation of Data|343
3|7.3.2 Disclosure of Data (Articles 17 and 18)|345
3|7.3.3 Search and Seizure of Stored Computer Data (Article 19)|347
3|7.3.4 Interception of Content Data (Article 21)|349
2|7.4 The Protection of Privacy|351
3|7.4.1 Investigatory Powers Commissioners|352
3|7.4.2 Investigatory Powers Tribunal|354
2|7.5 Entrapment|355
2|7.6 Conclusion|357
2|References|358
1|8 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in Estonia to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|360
2|Abstract|360
2|8.1 Introduction—Legislation in Estonia|361
3|8.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|361
3|8.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|365
2|8.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|366
3|8.2.1 Relevant Criminal Offences|366
3|8.2.2 Interim Conclusion|376
3|8.2.3 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|377
2|8.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|378
3|8.3.1 Pre-trial Procedure|378
3|8.3.2 Court Procedure|380
3|8.3.3 Investigatory Powers|381
3|8.3.4 Human Rights|387
3|8.3.5 Succinct Overview of Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|391
3|8.3.6 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|392
3|8.3.7 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|393
2|8.4 Evaluation|394
3|8.4.1 Substantive Criminal Law|394
3|8.4.2 Substantive Criminal Procedure Law|395
2|8.5 Summary and Conclusions|395
2|References|396
1|9 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in Israel to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|398
2|Abstract|398
2|9.1 Introduction: Legislation in Israel|399
3|9.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|399
3|9.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|401
2|9.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|402
3|9.2.1 Introduction|402
3|9.2.2 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offences|404
3|9.2.3 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|409
2|9.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|410
3|9.3.1 General Description of Legal Framework|410
3|9.3.2 Investigatory Powers|411
3|9.3.3 Succinct Overview of Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|413
3|9.3.4 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|414
3|9.3.5 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|415
2|9.4 Miscellaneous|415
2|9.5 Conclusions and Recommendations|417
2|Annex|419
3|Relevant Legal Provisions (in Original)|419
3|English Translation of Relevant Legal Provisions|427
4|The Penal Code|427
4|Criminal Procedure Law [Consolidated Version], 1982|435
4|Criminal Procedure (Arrest and Search) (new version) 1969|436
4|Wiretap Law 1979|436
4|Law of Criminal Procedure (Enforcement Authorities—Communication Data) 2007|437
4|International Workshop on Sweetie—June 30, 2016|437
2|Further Reading|437
2|Relevant Case Law|438
1|10 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in the Netherlands to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|440
2|Abstract|440
2|10.1 Introduction: Legislation in the Netherlands|441
3|10.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|441
3|10.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|444
2|10.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|444
3|10.2.1 Introduction|444
3|10.2.2 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offences|445
3|10.2.3 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|452
2|10.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|454
3|10.3.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|454
3|10.3.2 Investigatory Powers and Human Rights|456
3|10.3.3 Succinct Overview of Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|459
3|10.3.4 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|463
3|10.3.5 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|466
2|10.4 Evaluation|467
3|10.4.1 Substantive Criminal Law|467
3|10.4.2 Criminal Procedure Law|468
3|10.4.3 Summary and Conclusions|468
2|References|468
2|Relevant Case Law|469
1|11 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in the Philippines to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|470
2|Abstract|470
2|11.1 Introduction: Legislation in the Philippines|471
3|11.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|471
3|11.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|473
2|11.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|474
3|11.2.1 Introduction|474
3|11.2.2 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offenses|474
3|11.2.3 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|487
2|11.3 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|491
3|11.3.1 General Description of Legal Framework|491
3|11.3.2 Investigatory Powers|495
3|11.3.3 Succinct Overview of Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|497
3|11.3.4 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|499
3|11.3.5 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|500
2|11.4 Miscellaneous|500
2|11.5 Conclusions and Recommendations|502
2|Table of Case Law and Legislation|503
1|12 Substantive and Procedural Legislation in the United States of America to Combat Webcam-Related Child Sexual Abuse|505
2|Abstract|505
2|12.1 Introduction: Legislation in the United States of America|506
3|12.1.1 General Description of the Legal Framework|506
3|12.1.2 Relevant Treaties and Cybercrime Laws|507
2|12.2 Analysis of Substantive Criminal Law|508
3|12.2.1 Introduction|508
3|12.2.2 Possibly Relevant Criminal Offences|508
2|12.3 Conclusion|515
3|12.3.1 Possible Obstacles in Substantive Law Concerning Sweetie|516
2|12.4 Analysis of Criminal Procedure Law|517
3|12.4.1 General Description of Legal Framework|517
3|12.4.2 Investigatory Powers|518
3|12.4.3 Succinct Overview of Investigatory Powers in an Online Context|521
3|12.4.4 Application of Relevant Investigatory Powers to the Sweetie Case|524
3|12.4.5 Relevant Aspects of Digital Forensic Evidence|526
2|12.5 Miscellaneous|526
2|12.6 Conclusions and Recommendations|526
2|Annex|528
3|Relevant Legal Provisions (in Original)|528
2|References|555
2|Relevant Case Law|555
2|Relevant Law|556