File #2639: "2019_Book_CollectiveBargainingInLabourLa.pdf"
Text
1|Contents|6
1|The Role of Collective Bargaining in Labour Law Regimes: A Global Approach|8
2|1 Introduction|9
3|1.1 Background: Comparative Socio-Cultural Contexts|9
3|1.2 Legal Comparison as a Window of Understanding|10
2|2 Legal Frameworks for Collective Bargaining|14
3|2.1 Introduction|14
3|2.2 Histories of Evolution|14
3|2.3 A Fundamental Labour Rights Perspective and Constitutional Protection|16
3|2.4 National Regulatory Frameworks for Collective Bargaining|20
3|2.5 Perspectives on the Legal Nature of Collective Agreements|21
4|2.5.1 Changing Nature of Bargaining Regimes: in melius and in peius Derogations|22
4|2.5.2 Erga omnes Effect|25
2|3 Decentralization of Collective Bargaining|26
3|3.1 Introduction|26
3|3.2 European Trends in Decentralization|27
4|3.2.1 Opening Clauses: German Decentralization|33
4|3.2.2 The Impact of the European Economic Governance|35
4|3.2.3 Decentralization as a Channel of the Individualization of Collective Bargaining|38
3|3.3 Asian Approaches|39
3|3.4 North American Experience|43
3|3.5 Brazilian Evolution|45
3|3.6 Russian Experience|46
2|4 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization|47
3|4.1 Introduction|47
2|5 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|50
3|5.1 Introduction|50
3|5.2 European Developments: European Works Councils as a Driving Force|54
3|5.3 Global Developments: International Framework Agreements|55
3|5.4 Developing a Transnational Regulatory Framework|58
2|6 Conclusions|61
3|6.1 Transformation of Industrial Relations: A Call for Reconceptualization of Bargaining Regimes|61
3|6.2 Grouping Collective Bargaining Systems on the Basis of Developments in Decentralization|63
3|6.3 The Right to Bargain Collectively and Decollectivization of Industrial Relations|65
2|References|68
1|Belgique|72
2|1 Introduction|72
2|2 L´architecture du modèle belge de concertation sociale|73
2|3 Le cadre juridique de la négociation collective|76
3|3.1 Définition et conditions de validité de la convention collective|77
3|3.2 Domaines de la convention collective|78
3|3.3 La force obligatoire des conventions collectives de travail|79
3|3.4 La hiérarchie des normes|81
4|3.4.1 La pyramide de l´article 51|81
4|3.4.2 La loi semi-impérative|82
4|3.4.3 La loi unilatéralement impérative|82
3|3.5 L´application des conventions collectives de travail|84
4|3.5.1 Le contrôle de l´application des conventions collectives|84
4|3.5.2 Le rôle des cours et tribunaux|85
3|3.6 La négociation collective en dehors du cadre juridique|86
2|4 Centralisation et décentralisation de la concertation sociale|87
2|5 Le modèle belge de concertation sociale et la globalisation de l´économie|87
2|6 La dimension transnationale de la négociation collective|91
2|7 Conclusion|94
2|References|94
1|Brazil|96
2|1 Introduction: Initial Concepts of Union Representation in Brazil and Its Intrinsic Relationship with the Collective Bargaini...|97
3|1.1 Labor Unions and Trade Associations Coexisting at the Same Level|97
3|1.2 Collective Bargaining Convention and Collective Bargaining Agreement: The Two Types of Collective Bargaining Instruments i...|97
3|1.3 Labor Unions Must Participate in Collective Bargaining|98
3|1.4 The Single-Union Rule|98
3|1.5 Defining Categories of Representation Within the Single Union/Trade Association Rule|99
3|1.6 The Legal Model of the Representation from the Early Republican Years until Today|101
3|1.7 Summary of the Section|102
2|2 Collective Bargaining under Brazilian Law|103
3|2.1 The Federal Constitution: Collective Bargaining as a Constitutional Guarantee, Its Scope and the Subjects Which Cannot Be ...|103
3|2.2 Collective Bargaining from the Perspective of the Labor Courts: The Respect of Basic Legal Rights and the Increasing Recog...|105
3|2.3 Labor Reform Law of 2017 and Its Potential Impacts on Collective Bargaining in Brazil|107
3|2.4 Federal Legislation and the Role It Plays in Defining the Types of Collective Bargaining Instruments, as Well as the Limit...|109
3|2.5 Requirements for the Validation of the Collective Bargaining Negotiations (Collective Bargaining Agreements and Collective...|111
3|2.6 The Limits to the Effectiveness of Collective Instruments|112
3|2.7 The Coercive Powers of Collective Bargaining Instruments|115
2|3 The Content of Collective Bargaining Instruments in Brazil|116
3|3.1 The Subjects Which Are Normally Included in Collective Bargaining Instruments and Their Role in Modifying Labor Relations ...|116
3|3.2 Brazilian Law and the Restricted Role of Collective Bargaining in Establishing Minimum Employment Conditions|118
2|4 The Decentralization of the Collective Bargaining System in Brazil|118
3|4.1 The Levels of Worker Organization in Brazil|118
3|4.2 The Level of Formation of the Collective Bargaining Instruments in Brazil|120
3|4.3 The Evolution of Collective Bargaining in Brazil. The Limitations Imposed by the Representation Structure Until the End of...|121
3|4.4 The Evolution of the Labor Unions and the Participation of Workers in the Negotiation Process|122
2|5 The Right to Collectively Negotiate and the Effects of Modernization of Employment Relations Around the World|124
2|6 The Transnational Dimension to Collective Bargaining and the Brazilian Experience|124
2|References|126
1|Canada|127
2|1 Introduction|128
2|2 Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining in Canada|128
3|2.1 Scope and Definition|128
3|2.2 Certification as Bargaining Agent|130
4|2.2.1 Achieving a Collective Agreement|134
4|2.2.2 Direct Bargaining|134
4|2.2.3 Conciliation|135
4|2.2.4 Mediation|136
4|2.2.5 Arbitration|136
4|2.2.6 Legislation|137
3|2.3 Collective Bargaining and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|138
3|2.4 Collective Agreements and the Employment Relationship|144
4|2.4.1 System of Universally Applicable Collective Agreements|147
4|2.4.2 Conditions of Validity of a Collective Agreement|148
4|2.4.3 Legal Effect of a Collective Agreement|149
4|2.4.4 Enforcement of Collective Agreements|150
2|3 Decentralization and Centralization of Collective Bargaining|153
3|3.1 Organization of the Labour Force|153
3|3.2 Collective Bargaining at Different Levels|155
3|3.3 Employee Participation|156
3|3.4 Centralization vs Decentralization Trends|158
3|3.5 Local vs Upper Level Collective Agreements|158
2|4 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|159
3|4.1 Mobility Rights of Labour and the Right to Bargain|159
3|4.2 Change in Status and Regulation of Collective Agreements|162
3|4.3 Impact of Globalization on Collective Bargaining/Agreements|163
2|5 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|164
3|5.1 Experience with Transnational Collective Agreements|164
3|5.2 Experience with Transnational Company-Level Agreements|167
3|5.3 Collective Bargaining and Corporate Social Responsibility|167
2|6 Conclusion|169
2|References|171
2|Bibliography|171
2|Case Law|171
2|Legislation|172
2|Canada (Federal Government)|172
2|Alberta|173
2|British Columbia|173
2|Manitoba|173
2|New Brunswick|173
2|Newfoundland and Labrador|173
2|Nova Scotia|173
2|Ontario|173
2|Quebec|174
2|Saskatchewan|174
2|United States|174
1|China|175
2|1 Introduction|175
2|2 Historical Development of the Regulatory Framework|177
2|3 Principles and Procedures for Collective Consultation|178
2|4 Collective Contract System|180
3|4.1 Substance of a Collective Contract|180
3|4.2 Effects of a Collective Contract|181
3|4.3 Settlement of Disputes|182
2|5 Different Layers of Collective Consultation|183
2|6 Collective Consultation in a Globalized Economy|184
2|7 Conclusions|186
2|References|187
1|Croatia|189
2|1 Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining|189
3|1.1 General Information|189
3|1.2 Role of Collective Agreements|193
2|2 Decentralization and Centralization of Collective Bargaining|200
3|2.1 General Introduction into Trade Unions Density in Croatia|200
3|2.2 Collective Bargaining|201
2|3 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|204
2|4 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|207
2|5 Conclusion|208
2|References|209
1|Czech Republic|212
2|1 Background|212
2|2 History|213
2|3 Legal Framework|215
3|3.1 Trade Unions|217
3|3.2 Collective Agreements|218
3|3.3 The Principle of Favour|221
3|3.4 Preparation and Declaration of Strikes and Lock-Outs|223
2|4 Decentralisation and Centralisation of Czech Collective Bargaining|225
3|4.1 The Hierarchy|226
3|4.2 Czech Collective Bargaining Models and Globalisation of the Economy|226
2|5 Conclusion|228
2|References|228
1|Denmark|230
2|1 Introduction|230
3|1.1 Facts and Historical Background|231
2|2 The Social Partners as a Legislative Power|232
2|3 Collective Agreements as a Regulatory Instrument|234
3|3.1 Types of Collective Agreements|235
2|4 Coverage of Collective Agreements|236
2|5 Non-Unionised Workers|237
2|6 Collective Agreements and Crown/Civil Servants|239
2|7 Is It Possible to Deviate from Mandatory Legislation Through Collective Agreements?|240
2|8 The Legislators´ Intervention in Industrial Disputes|242
2|9 International Aspects of the Danish Model of Collective Bargaining|246
3|9.1 Laval-Case and Posted Workers|247
3|9.2 Territorial Aspects of the Danish Model|249
3|9.3 Cross-Border Agreements|251
2|10 Conclusion|251
2|References|253
1|France|255
2|1 Introduction|255
3|1.1 The History of Collective Bargaining|255
3|1.2 The Actors of Collective Bargaining|256
4|1.2.1 French Trade Unions|256
4|1.2.2 Employers´ Organisations|257
3|1.3 Legal Status of the Right to Collective Bargaining|258
2|2 An Overview of France´s Collective Bargaining System|259
3|2.1 The Scope and Issues of Collective Agreements|259
3|2.2 Legal Status of Collective Agreements|262
4|2.2.1 Conditions of Validity of a Collective Agreement|262
4|2.2.2 Legal Effects of Collective Agreements|264
3|2.3 Enforcement of Collective Agreement by Industrial Tribunals|264
2|3 Decentralisation and Centralisation of Collective Bargaining|265
3|3.1 On the National Level: Consultative or Management Role of the Social Partners|266
3|3.2 On the Sectoral Level: Numerous Agreements|266
3|3.3 On the Workplace Level: Collective Bargaining and Employee Participation|267
2|4 Recent Changes to National Collective Bargaining|268
3|4.1 The Hierarchy of Labour Standards|268
3|4.2 Influence of Political Orientation on Social Dialogue and Practice|268
3|4.3 European Influence on Collective Bargaining and Attempts to Increase Labour Market Flexibility|270
2|5 The Impact of Globalisation on Collective Bargaining and Collective Agreements|275
3|5.1 Competition Among Workers|275
3|5.2 The European Drive for New Bargaining Channels|276
4|5.2.1 The European Works Councils|276
4|5.2.2 Implementation of Autonomous Framework Agreements|278
3|5.3 French Companies Involved in International Collective Bargaining|280
4|5.3.1 International Framework Agreements (IFA)|280
4|5.3.2 Linking Collective Bargaining to Corporate Social Responsibility|281
2|References|282
1|Germany|284
2|1 Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining|284
3|1.1 Dual Model of Workers´ Representation|284
3|1.2 Legal Basis of Collective Bargaining: Freedom of Association and the Act on Collective Agreements|286
4|1.2.1 European and International Law|286
4|1.2.2 The German Constitution|287
4|1.2.3 Statutory Law|289
3|1.3 Definition and Legal Nature of `Collective Agreement´|290
3|1.4 Collective Bargaining Capacity|291
3|1.5 Subjects of Collective Bargaining|293
3|1.6 Legal Effects of Collective Agreements|294
4|1.6.1 Normative and Mandatory Effect|294
4|1.6.2 Persons Being Bound to the Agreement|295
4|1.6.3 Implied Terms|297
3|1.7 The Power to Set Aside Statutory Law|298
3|1.8 Validity of a Collective Agreement|299
3|1.9 Collective Agreements and the Courts|300
2|2 Decentralisation and Centralisation of Collective Bargaining|300
3|2.1 Collective Bargaining Coverage|300
3|2.2 Principle of Industrial Organisation|301
3|2.3 Company Agreements|302
4|2.3.1 Company-Level Collective Agreements|302
4|2.3.2 Works Agreements|304
2|3 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|307
3|3.1 Efforts to Strengthen Collective Bargaining|307
3|3.2 Multi-Union Bargaining|308
2|4 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|310
2|References|311
2|Literature|311
2|Case Law|312
1|Grèce|314
2|1 Introduction|314
2|2 Le cadre juridique national de la négociation collective|315
3|2.1 La reconnaissance de l´autonomie collective|315
4|2.1.1 Les normes|315
4|2.1.2 Le principe de l´autonomie collective|316
4|2.1.3 Les limites du principe|316
3|2.2 Le régime juridique des conventions collectives|317
4|2.2.1 Les personnes concernées|317
4|2.2.2 L´obligation de négocier|318
4|2.2.3 Le contenu et la durée des conventions collectives|318
4|2.2.4 Les niveaux de négociation|319
4|2.2.5 Les parties signataires|320
4|2.2.6 Le cadre d´application des conventions collectives|321
5|Le cadre matériel et temporaire d´application : le principe|321
5|L´application étendue de conventions collectives de branche et de métier|322
5|L´extension de la validité des clauses des conventions collectives|323
3|2.3 Le règlement des conflits collectifs|323
4|2.3.1 La conciliation|323
4|2.3.2 La médiation et l´arbitrage|324
5|La médiation|324
6|La procédure de la médiation|325
6|La recommandation du médiateur|326
5|L'arbitrage|326
6|La procédure d'arbitrage|328
6|La sentence arbitrale|328
2|3 Décentralisation et centralisation de la négociation collective|329
3|3.1 La hiérarchie des conventions collectives|329
3|3.2 La structure de la négociation|331
2|4 La négociation collective au niveau international|332
3|4.1 L´influence de la mondialisation sur la négociation collective nationale|332
3|4.2 La dimension transnationale de la négociation collective|333
2|5 Conclusion|334
2|References|334
1|Hungary|335
2|1 The Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining in Hungary|336
3|1.1 Introduction|336
3|1.2 The Effects of the New Labour Code of 2012|337
3|1.3 The Parties of Collective Agreements|342
3|1.4 The Relationship Between Collective Agreements and Employment Contracts|344
3|1.5 Registration, Termination, After-Effect|345
3|1.6 Non-union Bargaining|346
2|2 The Reality of Collective Bargaining in Hungary: Low Coverage and Extreme Decentralization|348
2|3 Flexibility Via Collective Bargaining and the Promotion of Collective Bargaining|350
2|4 The Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining in Hungary|354
2|References|356
1|Italy|359
2|1 Collective Bargaining and the Law|359
3|1.1 The Legal Framework of Collective Bargaining|359
3|1.2 The Relationship Between Collective Agreement and the Law|361
3|1.3 Collective Agreements and the Individual Contract of Employment|363
3|1.4 The Legal Status of Collective Agreements with Respect to the General Principles of Civil Law Concerning Contracts|364
3|1.5 Duration of a Collective Agreement|364
3|1.6 The Obligatory Part of a Collective Agreement|365
3|1.7 Enforcement of Collective Agreement|365
2|2 The Italian System of Collective Bargaining: Decentralisation v. Centralisation|366
3|2.1 The Structure of Collective Bargaining|366
3|2.2 Decentralisation v. Centralisation: A Historical Perspective|366
3|2.3 The Relationship Between Collective Agreements of Different Levels|369
3|2.4 The Role of National Collective Agreements in the Italian System of Collective Bargaining|369
3|2.5 The National Collective Bargaining Model and the Globalised Economy|370
2|3 Transnational Company Agreements: An Italian Perspective|372
3|3.1 The Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|372
3|3.2 The Academic Debate in Italy|373
2|References|375
1|Japan|377
2|1 Introduction|377
2|2 Legal Framework of Collective Bargaining|379
3|2.1 Right to Bargaining Collectively Guaranteed by the Constitution|379
4|2.1.1 Employer´s Duty to Bargain Collectively|379
4|2.1.2 Subjects of Collective Bargaining|380
3|2.2 Regulations of Collective Agreements|380
4|2.2.1 Requirements for the Conclusion of Effective Collective Agreements|380
4|2.2.2 Term and Termination of Collective Agreements|381
3|2.3 Legal Effects of Collective Bargaining Agreements|381
4|2.3.1 Unique Nature of Japanese Collective Bargaining Agreement|381
4|2.3.2 Obligatory Effect|382
4|2.3.3 Normative Effect|383
4|2.3.4 Normative Effects of Collective Agreements and More Favorable Individual Contracts|383
4|2.3.5 Limitation in Collective Bargaining Autonomy|384
3|2.4 Extension of Normative Effects of Collective Agreements (General Binding Effect)|384
4|2.4.1 Establishment Level Extension|385
4|2.4.2 Regional Extension|386
2|3 Enterprise Unionism and Decentralized Industrial Relations in Japan|386
3|3.1 Japanese Decentralized Industrial Relations Model Compared with European Centralized Model|387
4|3.1.1 Traditional European Model|387
4|3.1.2 Japanese Model|388
3|3.2 Enterprise Unions|389
3|3.3 Why Does Enterprise Unionism Predominate in Japan?|390
3|3.4 Collective Bargaining Agreement Concluded at Company Level|391
3|3.5 Defects and Compensatory Systems of Enterprise Unionism|391
4|3.5.1 Shunto (the Spring Offensive)|391
4|3.5.2 Birth of RENGO and Tripartite Labor Policy Council|392
3|3.6 Flexibilization and Derogation of Labor Law Regulations and Decentralized Industrial Relations in Japan|393
4|3.6.1 Derogation Through Labor-Management Agreement (LMA)|393
4|3.6.2 Abuse of Derogation Mechanism|394
4|3.6.3 Discussion to Introduce Works Councils?|395
2|4 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|395
3|4.1 Inactive Transnational Collective Bargaining|395
3|4.2 Global Framework Agreement Concluded by Japanese Transnational Corporations|396
2|5 Conclusion: Increasing Unorganized Workers and Challenges for Labor Law|397
2|References|399
1|Macau|400
2|1 Introduction|400
2|2 Preliminary Notes: Macau Labour Market and Labour Environment|401
2|3 Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining|404
3|3.1 The Absence of Regulation|404
3|3.2 Praeter Legem Tripartite Consultations|407
3|3.3 Nature of the Praeter Legem Tripartite Consultations Mechanism|408
3|3.4 Effects of Praeter Legem Collective Agreements|409
3|3.5 Validity of a Praeter Legem Collective Agreement|411
3|3.6 Enforcement of Praeter Legem Collective Agreements|411
2|4 Decentralization and Centralization of Collective Bargaining|412
3|4.1 Level of Organization of the Labour Force in Macau and Coverage of Collective Agreements|412
3|4.2 Evolution of Collective Bargaining and Workers´ Associations|413
3|4.3 Collective Bargaining and Employee Participation|413
3|4.4 Levels of Collective Bargaining|414
2|5 Final Remarks|414
2|References|415
1|Poland|417
2|1 Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining|418
3|1.1 Sources and Definition of a Collective Agreement|418
3|1.2 Scope ratione personae|421
3|1.3 Scope ratione materiae|421
3|1.4 Procedure of Collective Bargaining|422
3|1.5 Extension Procedure|424
3|1.6 Conditions for the Validity of a Collective Labour Agreement and Its Legal Effects|425
3|1.7 Enforcement of Collective Labour Agreements|426
3|1.8 Other Collective Agreements|427
2|2 Decentralization and Centralization of Collective Bargaining|428
3|2.1 Channels of Employee Representation|428
3|2.2 Levels of Collective Bargaining|429
3|2.3 Reasons for the Crisis of Collective Agreements|432
3|2.4 The Linkage Between Different Forms of Social Partners´ Dialogue|433
2|3 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|434
2|4 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|436
2|5 Conclusions|437
2|References|438
1|Québec|440
2|1 Introduction|441
2|2 Fondements de la négociation collective québécoise|443
3|2.1 Syndicalisation québécoise|444
3|2.2 Monopoles syndicaux|444
4|2.2.1 Construction du monopole syndical|444
4|2.2.2 Monopole syndical à la table de négociation collective québécoise|445
3|2.3 Grands principes de la négociation collective québécoise|446
4|2.3.1 L´Histoire|446
4|2.3.2 L´unité de négociation collective|447
2|3 Constitutionnalisation de la négociation collective québécoise|448
3|3.1 Conception sociale|448
3|3.2 Constitutionnalisation du droit de négocier collectivement les conditions de travail|449
2|4 Enjeux de l´encadrement législatif de la négociation collective québécoise|451
3|4.1 Amorcer la dynamique de la négociation collective|451
3|4.2 Le caractère essentiel de la bonne foi dans le cadre de la négociation collective|452
3|4.3 Divers et variés en termes de négociation collective|455
4|4.3.1 Offres patronales, conciliation, médiation et arbitrage de différends|455
4|4.3.2 Maintien des conditions de travail pour garantir la négociation collective|455
4|4.3.3 Les conflits collectifs pendant la négociation collective|456
5|Préambule|456
5|Négocier les nouvelles technologies|457
2|5 Négociation collective transnationale et internationale|458
3|5.1 Privatisation de la négociation collective|458
3|5.2 Positions des chercheur.e.s|458
3|5.3 Les trajectoires de négociation collective|460
2|6 Conclusion|461
2|References|462
1|Russia|465
2|1 Legal Framework, Definition and History of Collective Bargaining in Russia|466
3|1.1 Legal Sources of Collective Bargaining in Russia|466
3|1.2 The Definition and the Scope of Collective Bargaining|467
3|1.3 Collective Bargaining and Other Forms of Social Partnership|469
3|1.4 History and Latest Development of Collective Bargaining Regulation|469
2|2 Legal Aspects of Collective Agreements in Russia|472
3|2.1 Definition and Types of Collective Agreements|472
3|2.2 Subjects Covered by Collective Agreements|473
3|2.3 Applicability of Collective Agreements in Russia|476
3|2.4 Validity, Legal Effect and Enforcement of Collective Agreements|479
2|3 Employees´ Representation in Collective Bargaining in Russia|482
3|3.1 Forms and Procedures for Employees´ Representation in Collective Bargaining|482
4|3.1.1 Employees´ Representation in Collective Bargaining at the Local Level|482
4|3.1.2 Other Employees´ Representative (Representative Body) at the Local Level|483
4|3.1.3 Works Councils at the Local Level|484
4|3.1.4 Workers´ Representatives in Collective Bargaining at Other Levels|485
3|3.2 Trade Unions in Collective Bargaining|485
4|3.2.1 Trade Unions in Russia|485
4|3.2.2 Bargaining Power of Trade Unions|486
2|4 Collective Bargaining Trends in Contemporary Russia|488
3|4.1 Collective Bargaining Coverage and the Number of Collective Agreements in Russia|488
3|4.2 Connection Between Collective Agreements at Different Levels and Other Sources of Regulation|488
3|4.3 Quality of Collective Agreements|492
3|4.4 Decentralization or Centralization of Collective Bargaining: Development Trends|493
3|4.5 Globalization, Challenges to the Labour Market and National Collective Bargaining|495
3|4.6 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining in Russia|496
2|References|497
1|Slovenia|499
2|1 Introduction|499
2|2 The History of Collective Bargaining in Slovenia|500
2|3 Legal Framework for the Conclusion of Collective Agreements in the Republic of Slovenia|503
3|3.1 International Legal Instrument|503
3|3.2 Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia|504
3|3.3 Slovenian Legislation|505
2|4 Characteristics of the Collective Agreement System in the Republic of Slovenia|508
3|4.1 Collective Agreement|508
3|4.2 Parties to a Collective Agreement|509
3|4.3 Conclusion and Termination of a Collective Agreement|510
3|4.4 Validity of a Collective Agreement|511
3|4.5 Content of a Collective Agreement|512
3|4.6 Autonomy of Collective Bargaining and Its Limitations|515
4|4.6.1 The in favorem Principle and Deviations from the Principle|515
4|4.6.2 Hierarchy of Collective Agreements|517
3|4.7 Effectiveness and Implementation of Collective Agreements|517
2|5 Current State and Trends in the Area of Collective Bargaining in the Republic of Slovenia|519
2|References|525
1|Spain|527
2|1 Constitutional Basis of the Right to Collective Bargaining in Spain|527
2|2 Parties and Scope of the Collective Agreements|528
2|3 Structure of Spanish Collective Bargaining|530
2|4 Statutory and Non-Statutory Collective Agreements|533
2|5 Conditions for the Validity of Collective Agreements|535
2|6 Legal Effects and Enforcement of Collective Agreements|535
2|7 Decentralisation of Collective Bargaining Since the Spanish Labour Law Reform of 2012|536
2|8 Collective Bargaining and Workers´ Participation|542
2|9 The Transnational Dimension of Spanish Collective Agreements|544
2|References|548
1|Sweden|550
2|1 Introduction|550
2|2 Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining|551
3|2.1 The Legal Framework|551
3|2.2 Mechanisms for Binding Acceptance|552
3|2.3 Legal Effects of Collective Agreements|553
3|2.4 Implied Terms|555
3|2.5 Labour Court|555
2|3 Decentralization and Centralization of Collective Bargaining|556
3|3.1 The Swedish Model|556
3|3.2 Three Levels for Negotiation|557
3|3.3 Wage Formation: A Brief Historical Review|559
3|3.4 The `Cost Mark´: Centralized Wage Formation|560
3|3.5 Figureless Agreements: Decentralized Wage Formation|561
2|4 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|563
3|4.1 The Structure of Swedish Collective Agreements|563
3|4.2 The Laval Case in a Swedish Legal Context|565
3|4.3 Collective Agreements and the Challenges of the Future|567
2|5 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|569
2|6 Concluding Remarks|570
2|References|571
1|Taiwan|574
2|1 The Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining in Taiwan|574
3|1.1 Historical Background of the Collective Bargaining Mechanism|575
3|1.2 Current State of the Collective Bargaining Mechanism|576
4|1.2.1 The Level of Organization of the Labor Force|576
4|1.2.2 How the Evolution of Trade Unions and Employer Organizations Affected Collective Bargaining Practices|577
4|1.2.3 The Link Between Collective Bargaining and Employee Participation|578
4|1.2.4 On What Levels Collective Agreements Are Concluded|581
4|1.2.5 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|581
4|1.2.6 Transnational Dimensions of Collective Bargaining|582
2|2 The Parties and Their Powers in a Collective Agreement|582
2|3 The Duty to Bargain in Good Faith|583
3|3.1 Without Justifiable Reasons|584
3|3.2 Necessary Information|585
3|3.3 Duty to Enter into a Collective Agreement|585
2|4 Subjects Typically Agreed Upon in Collective Agreements|585
2|5 The Restrictions on Collective Agreements|587
2|6 The Status of Collective Bargaining in Regulating Labor Market Issues and Conditions of Employment|588
2|7 The Legal Effects of a Collective Agreement|589
2|8 Conclusion|590
2|References|590
1|The United States|592
2|1 Introduction to U.S. Labor Law|593
2|2 The Current State of Labor Unions and Collective Bargaining in the U.S.|594
2|3 U.S. Statutes Governing Collective Bargaining and the Employment Relationship|596
3|3.1 Federal Laws Governing Collective Bargaining and Representation|597
4|3.1.1 The National Labor Relations Act|597
4|3.1.2 The Railway Labor Act|598
4|3.1.3 The Federal Labor Relations Act|598
4|3.1.4 The Landrum-Griffin Act|599
3|3.2 Other Major U.S. Statutes Affecting the Employment Relationship|599
2|4 Collective Bargaining Under the National Labor Relations Act|600
3|4.1 The Exclusive Representative Concept|601
3|4.2 Limits on the Scope of Bargaining|602
3|4.3 The Duty to Bargain in Good Faith|604
3|4.4 The Role of Economic Pressure in Bargaining|605
2|5 Enforcement of the Collective Bargaining Agreement|609
3|5.1 Enforcing the Promise to Arbitrate|610
3|5.2 Enforcing the Promise Not to Strike|612
2|6 Conclusion and Assessing the Future|613
2|References|614
1|Questionnaire for the IACL Fukuoka World Congress 2018|616
2|Theme: The Role of Collective Bargaining in Labour Law Regimes|616
3|Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining|616
3|Decentralization and Centralization of Collective Bargaining|617
3|National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|618
3|Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|618
1|The Role of Collective Bargaining in Labour Law Regimes: A Global Approach|8
2|1 Introduction|9
3|1.1 Background: Comparative Socio-Cultural Contexts|9
3|1.2 Legal Comparison as a Window of Understanding|10
2|2 Legal Frameworks for Collective Bargaining|14
3|2.1 Introduction|14
3|2.2 Histories of Evolution|14
3|2.3 A Fundamental Labour Rights Perspective and Constitutional Protection|16
3|2.4 National Regulatory Frameworks for Collective Bargaining|20
3|2.5 Perspectives on the Legal Nature of Collective Agreements|21
4|2.5.1 Changing Nature of Bargaining Regimes: in melius and in peius Derogations|22
4|2.5.2 Erga omnes Effect|25
2|3 Decentralization of Collective Bargaining|26
3|3.1 Introduction|26
3|3.2 European Trends in Decentralization|27
4|3.2.1 Opening Clauses: German Decentralization|33
4|3.2.2 The Impact of the European Economic Governance|35
4|3.2.3 Decentralization as a Channel of the Individualization of Collective Bargaining|38
3|3.3 Asian Approaches|39
3|3.4 North American Experience|43
3|3.5 Brazilian Evolution|45
3|3.6 Russian Experience|46
2|4 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization|47
3|4.1 Introduction|47
2|5 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|50
3|5.1 Introduction|50
3|5.2 European Developments: European Works Councils as a Driving Force|54
3|5.3 Global Developments: International Framework Agreements|55
3|5.4 Developing a Transnational Regulatory Framework|58
2|6 Conclusions|61
3|6.1 Transformation of Industrial Relations: A Call for Reconceptualization of Bargaining Regimes|61
3|6.2 Grouping Collective Bargaining Systems on the Basis of Developments in Decentralization|63
3|6.3 The Right to Bargain Collectively and Decollectivization of Industrial Relations|65
2|References|68
1|Belgique|72
2|1 Introduction|72
2|2 L´architecture du modèle belge de concertation sociale|73
2|3 Le cadre juridique de la négociation collective|76
3|3.1 Définition et conditions de validité de la convention collective|77
3|3.2 Domaines de la convention collective|78
3|3.3 La force obligatoire des conventions collectives de travail|79
3|3.4 La hiérarchie des normes|81
4|3.4.1 La pyramide de l´article 51|81
4|3.4.2 La loi semi-impérative|82
4|3.4.3 La loi unilatéralement impérative|82
3|3.5 L´application des conventions collectives de travail|84
4|3.5.1 Le contrôle de l´application des conventions collectives|84
4|3.5.2 Le rôle des cours et tribunaux|85
3|3.6 La négociation collective en dehors du cadre juridique|86
2|4 Centralisation et décentralisation de la concertation sociale|87
2|5 Le modèle belge de concertation sociale et la globalisation de l´économie|87
2|6 La dimension transnationale de la négociation collective|91
2|7 Conclusion|94
2|References|94
1|Brazil|96
2|1 Introduction: Initial Concepts of Union Representation in Brazil and Its Intrinsic Relationship with the Collective Bargaini...|97
3|1.1 Labor Unions and Trade Associations Coexisting at the Same Level|97
3|1.2 Collective Bargaining Convention and Collective Bargaining Agreement: The Two Types of Collective Bargaining Instruments i...|97
3|1.3 Labor Unions Must Participate in Collective Bargaining|98
3|1.4 The Single-Union Rule|98
3|1.5 Defining Categories of Representation Within the Single Union/Trade Association Rule|99
3|1.6 The Legal Model of the Representation from the Early Republican Years until Today|101
3|1.7 Summary of the Section|102
2|2 Collective Bargaining under Brazilian Law|103
3|2.1 The Federal Constitution: Collective Bargaining as a Constitutional Guarantee, Its Scope and the Subjects Which Cannot Be ...|103
3|2.2 Collective Bargaining from the Perspective of the Labor Courts: The Respect of Basic Legal Rights and the Increasing Recog...|105
3|2.3 Labor Reform Law of 2017 and Its Potential Impacts on Collective Bargaining in Brazil|107
3|2.4 Federal Legislation and the Role It Plays in Defining the Types of Collective Bargaining Instruments, as Well as the Limit...|109
3|2.5 Requirements for the Validation of the Collective Bargaining Negotiations (Collective Bargaining Agreements and Collective...|111
3|2.6 The Limits to the Effectiveness of Collective Instruments|112
3|2.7 The Coercive Powers of Collective Bargaining Instruments|115
2|3 The Content of Collective Bargaining Instruments in Brazil|116
3|3.1 The Subjects Which Are Normally Included in Collective Bargaining Instruments and Their Role in Modifying Labor Relations ...|116
3|3.2 Brazilian Law and the Restricted Role of Collective Bargaining in Establishing Minimum Employment Conditions|118
2|4 The Decentralization of the Collective Bargaining System in Brazil|118
3|4.1 The Levels of Worker Organization in Brazil|118
3|4.2 The Level of Formation of the Collective Bargaining Instruments in Brazil|120
3|4.3 The Evolution of Collective Bargaining in Brazil. The Limitations Imposed by the Representation Structure Until the End of...|121
3|4.4 The Evolution of the Labor Unions and the Participation of Workers in the Negotiation Process|122
2|5 The Right to Collectively Negotiate and the Effects of Modernization of Employment Relations Around the World|124
2|6 The Transnational Dimension to Collective Bargaining and the Brazilian Experience|124
2|References|126
1|Canada|127
2|1 Introduction|128
2|2 Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining in Canada|128
3|2.1 Scope and Definition|128
3|2.2 Certification as Bargaining Agent|130
4|2.2.1 Achieving a Collective Agreement|134
4|2.2.2 Direct Bargaining|134
4|2.2.3 Conciliation|135
4|2.2.4 Mediation|136
4|2.2.5 Arbitration|136
4|2.2.6 Legislation|137
3|2.3 Collective Bargaining and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|138
3|2.4 Collective Agreements and the Employment Relationship|144
4|2.4.1 System of Universally Applicable Collective Agreements|147
4|2.4.2 Conditions of Validity of a Collective Agreement|148
4|2.4.3 Legal Effect of a Collective Agreement|149
4|2.4.4 Enforcement of Collective Agreements|150
2|3 Decentralization and Centralization of Collective Bargaining|153
3|3.1 Organization of the Labour Force|153
3|3.2 Collective Bargaining at Different Levels|155
3|3.3 Employee Participation|156
3|3.4 Centralization vs Decentralization Trends|158
3|3.5 Local vs Upper Level Collective Agreements|158
2|4 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|159
3|4.1 Mobility Rights of Labour and the Right to Bargain|159
3|4.2 Change in Status and Regulation of Collective Agreements|162
3|4.3 Impact of Globalization on Collective Bargaining/Agreements|163
2|5 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|164
3|5.1 Experience with Transnational Collective Agreements|164
3|5.2 Experience with Transnational Company-Level Agreements|167
3|5.3 Collective Bargaining and Corporate Social Responsibility|167
2|6 Conclusion|169
2|References|171
2|Bibliography|171
2|Case Law|171
2|Legislation|172
2|Canada (Federal Government)|172
2|Alberta|173
2|British Columbia|173
2|Manitoba|173
2|New Brunswick|173
2|Newfoundland and Labrador|173
2|Nova Scotia|173
2|Ontario|173
2|Quebec|174
2|Saskatchewan|174
2|United States|174
1|China|175
2|1 Introduction|175
2|2 Historical Development of the Regulatory Framework|177
2|3 Principles and Procedures for Collective Consultation|178
2|4 Collective Contract System|180
3|4.1 Substance of a Collective Contract|180
3|4.2 Effects of a Collective Contract|181
3|4.3 Settlement of Disputes|182
2|5 Different Layers of Collective Consultation|183
2|6 Collective Consultation in a Globalized Economy|184
2|7 Conclusions|186
2|References|187
1|Croatia|189
2|1 Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining|189
3|1.1 General Information|189
3|1.2 Role of Collective Agreements|193
2|2 Decentralization and Centralization of Collective Bargaining|200
3|2.1 General Introduction into Trade Unions Density in Croatia|200
3|2.2 Collective Bargaining|201
2|3 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|204
2|4 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|207
2|5 Conclusion|208
2|References|209
1|Czech Republic|212
2|1 Background|212
2|2 History|213
2|3 Legal Framework|215
3|3.1 Trade Unions|217
3|3.2 Collective Agreements|218
3|3.3 The Principle of Favour|221
3|3.4 Preparation and Declaration of Strikes and Lock-Outs|223
2|4 Decentralisation and Centralisation of Czech Collective Bargaining|225
3|4.1 The Hierarchy|226
3|4.2 Czech Collective Bargaining Models and Globalisation of the Economy|226
2|5 Conclusion|228
2|References|228
1|Denmark|230
2|1 Introduction|230
3|1.1 Facts and Historical Background|231
2|2 The Social Partners as a Legislative Power|232
2|3 Collective Agreements as a Regulatory Instrument|234
3|3.1 Types of Collective Agreements|235
2|4 Coverage of Collective Agreements|236
2|5 Non-Unionised Workers|237
2|6 Collective Agreements and Crown/Civil Servants|239
2|7 Is It Possible to Deviate from Mandatory Legislation Through Collective Agreements?|240
2|8 The Legislators´ Intervention in Industrial Disputes|242
2|9 International Aspects of the Danish Model of Collective Bargaining|246
3|9.1 Laval-Case and Posted Workers|247
3|9.2 Territorial Aspects of the Danish Model|249
3|9.3 Cross-Border Agreements|251
2|10 Conclusion|251
2|References|253
1|France|255
2|1 Introduction|255
3|1.1 The History of Collective Bargaining|255
3|1.2 The Actors of Collective Bargaining|256
4|1.2.1 French Trade Unions|256
4|1.2.2 Employers´ Organisations|257
3|1.3 Legal Status of the Right to Collective Bargaining|258
2|2 An Overview of France´s Collective Bargaining System|259
3|2.1 The Scope and Issues of Collective Agreements|259
3|2.2 Legal Status of Collective Agreements|262
4|2.2.1 Conditions of Validity of a Collective Agreement|262
4|2.2.2 Legal Effects of Collective Agreements|264
3|2.3 Enforcement of Collective Agreement by Industrial Tribunals|264
2|3 Decentralisation and Centralisation of Collective Bargaining|265
3|3.1 On the National Level: Consultative or Management Role of the Social Partners|266
3|3.2 On the Sectoral Level: Numerous Agreements|266
3|3.3 On the Workplace Level: Collective Bargaining and Employee Participation|267
2|4 Recent Changes to National Collective Bargaining|268
3|4.1 The Hierarchy of Labour Standards|268
3|4.2 Influence of Political Orientation on Social Dialogue and Practice|268
3|4.3 European Influence on Collective Bargaining and Attempts to Increase Labour Market Flexibility|270
2|5 The Impact of Globalisation on Collective Bargaining and Collective Agreements|275
3|5.1 Competition Among Workers|275
3|5.2 The European Drive for New Bargaining Channels|276
4|5.2.1 The European Works Councils|276
4|5.2.2 Implementation of Autonomous Framework Agreements|278
3|5.3 French Companies Involved in International Collective Bargaining|280
4|5.3.1 International Framework Agreements (IFA)|280
4|5.3.2 Linking Collective Bargaining to Corporate Social Responsibility|281
2|References|282
1|Germany|284
2|1 Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining|284
3|1.1 Dual Model of Workers´ Representation|284
3|1.2 Legal Basis of Collective Bargaining: Freedom of Association and the Act on Collective Agreements|286
4|1.2.1 European and International Law|286
4|1.2.2 The German Constitution|287
4|1.2.3 Statutory Law|289
3|1.3 Definition and Legal Nature of `Collective Agreement´|290
3|1.4 Collective Bargaining Capacity|291
3|1.5 Subjects of Collective Bargaining|293
3|1.6 Legal Effects of Collective Agreements|294
4|1.6.1 Normative and Mandatory Effect|294
4|1.6.2 Persons Being Bound to the Agreement|295
4|1.6.3 Implied Terms|297
3|1.7 The Power to Set Aside Statutory Law|298
3|1.8 Validity of a Collective Agreement|299
3|1.9 Collective Agreements and the Courts|300
2|2 Decentralisation and Centralisation of Collective Bargaining|300
3|2.1 Collective Bargaining Coverage|300
3|2.2 Principle of Industrial Organisation|301
3|2.3 Company Agreements|302
4|2.3.1 Company-Level Collective Agreements|302
4|2.3.2 Works Agreements|304
2|3 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|307
3|3.1 Efforts to Strengthen Collective Bargaining|307
3|3.2 Multi-Union Bargaining|308
2|4 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|310
2|References|311
2|Literature|311
2|Case Law|312
1|Grèce|314
2|1 Introduction|314
2|2 Le cadre juridique national de la négociation collective|315
3|2.1 La reconnaissance de l´autonomie collective|315
4|2.1.1 Les normes|315
4|2.1.2 Le principe de l´autonomie collective|316
4|2.1.3 Les limites du principe|316
3|2.2 Le régime juridique des conventions collectives|317
4|2.2.1 Les personnes concernées|317
4|2.2.2 L´obligation de négocier|318
4|2.2.3 Le contenu et la durée des conventions collectives|318
4|2.2.4 Les niveaux de négociation|319
4|2.2.5 Les parties signataires|320
4|2.2.6 Le cadre d´application des conventions collectives|321
5|Le cadre matériel et temporaire d´application : le principe|321
5|L´application étendue de conventions collectives de branche et de métier|322
5|L´extension de la validité des clauses des conventions collectives|323
3|2.3 Le règlement des conflits collectifs|323
4|2.3.1 La conciliation|323
4|2.3.2 La médiation et l´arbitrage|324
5|La médiation|324
6|La procédure de la médiation|325
6|La recommandation du médiateur|326
5|L'arbitrage|326
6|La procédure d'arbitrage|328
6|La sentence arbitrale|328
2|3 Décentralisation et centralisation de la négociation collective|329
3|3.1 La hiérarchie des conventions collectives|329
3|3.2 La structure de la négociation|331
2|4 La négociation collective au niveau international|332
3|4.1 L´influence de la mondialisation sur la négociation collective nationale|332
3|4.2 La dimension transnationale de la négociation collective|333
2|5 Conclusion|334
2|References|334
1|Hungary|335
2|1 The Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining in Hungary|336
3|1.1 Introduction|336
3|1.2 The Effects of the New Labour Code of 2012|337
3|1.3 The Parties of Collective Agreements|342
3|1.4 The Relationship Between Collective Agreements and Employment Contracts|344
3|1.5 Registration, Termination, After-Effect|345
3|1.6 Non-union Bargaining|346
2|2 The Reality of Collective Bargaining in Hungary: Low Coverage and Extreme Decentralization|348
2|3 Flexibility Via Collective Bargaining and the Promotion of Collective Bargaining|350
2|4 The Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining in Hungary|354
2|References|356
1|Italy|359
2|1 Collective Bargaining and the Law|359
3|1.1 The Legal Framework of Collective Bargaining|359
3|1.2 The Relationship Between Collective Agreement and the Law|361
3|1.3 Collective Agreements and the Individual Contract of Employment|363
3|1.4 The Legal Status of Collective Agreements with Respect to the General Principles of Civil Law Concerning Contracts|364
3|1.5 Duration of a Collective Agreement|364
3|1.6 The Obligatory Part of a Collective Agreement|365
3|1.7 Enforcement of Collective Agreement|365
2|2 The Italian System of Collective Bargaining: Decentralisation v. Centralisation|366
3|2.1 The Structure of Collective Bargaining|366
3|2.2 Decentralisation v. Centralisation: A Historical Perspective|366
3|2.3 The Relationship Between Collective Agreements of Different Levels|369
3|2.4 The Role of National Collective Agreements in the Italian System of Collective Bargaining|369
3|2.5 The National Collective Bargaining Model and the Globalised Economy|370
2|3 Transnational Company Agreements: An Italian Perspective|372
3|3.1 The Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|372
3|3.2 The Academic Debate in Italy|373
2|References|375
1|Japan|377
2|1 Introduction|377
2|2 Legal Framework of Collective Bargaining|379
3|2.1 Right to Bargaining Collectively Guaranteed by the Constitution|379
4|2.1.1 Employer´s Duty to Bargain Collectively|379
4|2.1.2 Subjects of Collective Bargaining|380
3|2.2 Regulations of Collective Agreements|380
4|2.2.1 Requirements for the Conclusion of Effective Collective Agreements|380
4|2.2.2 Term and Termination of Collective Agreements|381
3|2.3 Legal Effects of Collective Bargaining Agreements|381
4|2.3.1 Unique Nature of Japanese Collective Bargaining Agreement|381
4|2.3.2 Obligatory Effect|382
4|2.3.3 Normative Effect|383
4|2.3.4 Normative Effects of Collective Agreements and More Favorable Individual Contracts|383
4|2.3.5 Limitation in Collective Bargaining Autonomy|384
3|2.4 Extension of Normative Effects of Collective Agreements (General Binding Effect)|384
4|2.4.1 Establishment Level Extension|385
4|2.4.2 Regional Extension|386
2|3 Enterprise Unionism and Decentralized Industrial Relations in Japan|386
3|3.1 Japanese Decentralized Industrial Relations Model Compared with European Centralized Model|387
4|3.1.1 Traditional European Model|387
4|3.1.2 Japanese Model|388
3|3.2 Enterprise Unions|389
3|3.3 Why Does Enterprise Unionism Predominate in Japan?|390
3|3.4 Collective Bargaining Agreement Concluded at Company Level|391
3|3.5 Defects and Compensatory Systems of Enterprise Unionism|391
4|3.5.1 Shunto (the Spring Offensive)|391
4|3.5.2 Birth of RENGO and Tripartite Labor Policy Council|392
3|3.6 Flexibilization and Derogation of Labor Law Regulations and Decentralized Industrial Relations in Japan|393
4|3.6.1 Derogation Through Labor-Management Agreement (LMA)|393
4|3.6.2 Abuse of Derogation Mechanism|394
4|3.6.3 Discussion to Introduce Works Councils?|395
2|4 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|395
3|4.1 Inactive Transnational Collective Bargaining|395
3|4.2 Global Framework Agreement Concluded by Japanese Transnational Corporations|396
2|5 Conclusion: Increasing Unorganized Workers and Challenges for Labor Law|397
2|References|399
1|Macau|400
2|1 Introduction|400
2|2 Preliminary Notes: Macau Labour Market and Labour Environment|401
2|3 Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining|404
3|3.1 The Absence of Regulation|404
3|3.2 Praeter Legem Tripartite Consultations|407
3|3.3 Nature of the Praeter Legem Tripartite Consultations Mechanism|408
3|3.4 Effects of Praeter Legem Collective Agreements|409
3|3.5 Validity of a Praeter Legem Collective Agreement|411
3|3.6 Enforcement of Praeter Legem Collective Agreements|411
2|4 Decentralization and Centralization of Collective Bargaining|412
3|4.1 Level of Organization of the Labour Force in Macau and Coverage of Collective Agreements|412
3|4.2 Evolution of Collective Bargaining and Workers´ Associations|413
3|4.3 Collective Bargaining and Employee Participation|413
3|4.4 Levels of Collective Bargaining|414
2|5 Final Remarks|414
2|References|415
1|Poland|417
2|1 Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining|418
3|1.1 Sources and Definition of a Collective Agreement|418
3|1.2 Scope ratione personae|421
3|1.3 Scope ratione materiae|421
3|1.4 Procedure of Collective Bargaining|422
3|1.5 Extension Procedure|424
3|1.6 Conditions for the Validity of a Collective Labour Agreement and Its Legal Effects|425
3|1.7 Enforcement of Collective Labour Agreements|426
3|1.8 Other Collective Agreements|427
2|2 Decentralization and Centralization of Collective Bargaining|428
3|2.1 Channels of Employee Representation|428
3|2.2 Levels of Collective Bargaining|429
3|2.3 Reasons for the Crisis of Collective Agreements|432
3|2.4 The Linkage Between Different Forms of Social Partners´ Dialogue|433
2|3 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|434
2|4 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|436
2|5 Conclusions|437
2|References|438
1|Québec|440
2|1 Introduction|441
2|2 Fondements de la négociation collective québécoise|443
3|2.1 Syndicalisation québécoise|444
3|2.2 Monopoles syndicaux|444
4|2.2.1 Construction du monopole syndical|444
4|2.2.2 Monopole syndical à la table de négociation collective québécoise|445
3|2.3 Grands principes de la négociation collective québécoise|446
4|2.3.1 L´Histoire|446
4|2.3.2 L´unité de négociation collective|447
2|3 Constitutionnalisation de la négociation collective québécoise|448
3|3.1 Conception sociale|448
3|3.2 Constitutionnalisation du droit de négocier collectivement les conditions de travail|449
2|4 Enjeux de l´encadrement législatif de la négociation collective québécoise|451
3|4.1 Amorcer la dynamique de la négociation collective|451
3|4.2 Le caractère essentiel de la bonne foi dans le cadre de la négociation collective|452
3|4.3 Divers et variés en termes de négociation collective|455
4|4.3.1 Offres patronales, conciliation, médiation et arbitrage de différends|455
4|4.3.2 Maintien des conditions de travail pour garantir la négociation collective|455
4|4.3.3 Les conflits collectifs pendant la négociation collective|456
5|Préambule|456
5|Négocier les nouvelles technologies|457
2|5 Négociation collective transnationale et internationale|458
3|5.1 Privatisation de la négociation collective|458
3|5.2 Positions des chercheur.e.s|458
3|5.3 Les trajectoires de négociation collective|460
2|6 Conclusion|461
2|References|462
1|Russia|465
2|1 Legal Framework, Definition and History of Collective Bargaining in Russia|466
3|1.1 Legal Sources of Collective Bargaining in Russia|466
3|1.2 The Definition and the Scope of Collective Bargaining|467
3|1.3 Collective Bargaining and Other Forms of Social Partnership|469
3|1.4 History and Latest Development of Collective Bargaining Regulation|469
2|2 Legal Aspects of Collective Agreements in Russia|472
3|2.1 Definition and Types of Collective Agreements|472
3|2.2 Subjects Covered by Collective Agreements|473
3|2.3 Applicability of Collective Agreements in Russia|476
3|2.4 Validity, Legal Effect and Enforcement of Collective Agreements|479
2|3 Employees´ Representation in Collective Bargaining in Russia|482
3|3.1 Forms and Procedures for Employees´ Representation in Collective Bargaining|482
4|3.1.1 Employees´ Representation in Collective Bargaining at the Local Level|482
4|3.1.2 Other Employees´ Representative (Representative Body) at the Local Level|483
4|3.1.3 Works Councils at the Local Level|484
4|3.1.4 Workers´ Representatives in Collective Bargaining at Other Levels|485
3|3.2 Trade Unions in Collective Bargaining|485
4|3.2.1 Trade Unions in Russia|485
4|3.2.2 Bargaining Power of Trade Unions|486
2|4 Collective Bargaining Trends in Contemporary Russia|488
3|4.1 Collective Bargaining Coverage and the Number of Collective Agreements in Russia|488
3|4.2 Connection Between Collective Agreements at Different Levels and Other Sources of Regulation|488
3|4.3 Quality of Collective Agreements|492
3|4.4 Decentralization or Centralization of Collective Bargaining: Development Trends|493
3|4.5 Globalization, Challenges to the Labour Market and National Collective Bargaining|495
3|4.6 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining in Russia|496
2|References|497
1|Slovenia|499
2|1 Introduction|499
2|2 The History of Collective Bargaining in Slovenia|500
2|3 Legal Framework for the Conclusion of Collective Agreements in the Republic of Slovenia|503
3|3.1 International Legal Instrument|503
3|3.2 Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia|504
3|3.3 Slovenian Legislation|505
2|4 Characteristics of the Collective Agreement System in the Republic of Slovenia|508
3|4.1 Collective Agreement|508
3|4.2 Parties to a Collective Agreement|509
3|4.3 Conclusion and Termination of a Collective Agreement|510
3|4.4 Validity of a Collective Agreement|511
3|4.5 Content of a Collective Agreement|512
3|4.6 Autonomy of Collective Bargaining and Its Limitations|515
4|4.6.1 The in favorem Principle and Deviations from the Principle|515
4|4.6.2 Hierarchy of Collective Agreements|517
3|4.7 Effectiveness and Implementation of Collective Agreements|517
2|5 Current State and Trends in the Area of Collective Bargaining in the Republic of Slovenia|519
2|References|525
1|Spain|527
2|1 Constitutional Basis of the Right to Collective Bargaining in Spain|527
2|2 Parties and Scope of the Collective Agreements|528
2|3 Structure of Spanish Collective Bargaining|530
2|4 Statutory and Non-Statutory Collective Agreements|533
2|5 Conditions for the Validity of Collective Agreements|535
2|6 Legal Effects and Enforcement of Collective Agreements|535
2|7 Decentralisation of Collective Bargaining Since the Spanish Labour Law Reform of 2012|536
2|8 Collective Bargaining and Workers´ Participation|542
2|9 The Transnational Dimension of Spanish Collective Agreements|544
2|References|548
1|Sweden|550
2|1 Introduction|550
2|2 Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining|551
3|2.1 The Legal Framework|551
3|2.2 Mechanisms for Binding Acceptance|552
3|2.3 Legal Effects of Collective Agreements|553
3|2.4 Implied Terms|555
3|2.5 Labour Court|555
2|3 Decentralization and Centralization of Collective Bargaining|556
3|3.1 The Swedish Model|556
3|3.2 Three Levels for Negotiation|557
3|3.3 Wage Formation: A Brief Historical Review|559
3|3.4 The `Cost Mark´: Centralized Wage Formation|560
3|3.5 Figureless Agreements: Decentralized Wage Formation|561
2|4 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|563
3|4.1 The Structure of Swedish Collective Agreements|563
3|4.2 The Laval Case in a Swedish Legal Context|565
3|4.3 Collective Agreements and the Challenges of the Future|567
2|5 Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|569
2|6 Concluding Remarks|570
2|References|571
1|Taiwan|574
2|1 The Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining in Taiwan|574
3|1.1 Historical Background of the Collective Bargaining Mechanism|575
3|1.2 Current State of the Collective Bargaining Mechanism|576
4|1.2.1 The Level of Organization of the Labor Force|576
4|1.2.2 How the Evolution of Trade Unions and Employer Organizations Affected Collective Bargaining Practices|577
4|1.2.3 The Link Between Collective Bargaining and Employee Participation|578
4|1.2.4 On What Levels Collective Agreements Are Concluded|581
4|1.2.5 National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|581
4|1.2.6 Transnational Dimensions of Collective Bargaining|582
2|2 The Parties and Their Powers in a Collective Agreement|582
2|3 The Duty to Bargain in Good Faith|583
3|3.1 Without Justifiable Reasons|584
3|3.2 Necessary Information|585
3|3.3 Duty to Enter into a Collective Agreement|585
2|4 Subjects Typically Agreed Upon in Collective Agreements|585
2|5 The Restrictions on Collective Agreements|587
2|6 The Status of Collective Bargaining in Regulating Labor Market Issues and Conditions of Employment|588
2|7 The Legal Effects of a Collective Agreement|589
2|8 Conclusion|590
2|References|590
1|The United States|592
2|1 Introduction to U.S. Labor Law|593
2|2 The Current State of Labor Unions and Collective Bargaining in the U.S.|594
2|3 U.S. Statutes Governing Collective Bargaining and the Employment Relationship|596
3|3.1 Federal Laws Governing Collective Bargaining and Representation|597
4|3.1.1 The National Labor Relations Act|597
4|3.1.2 The Railway Labor Act|598
4|3.1.3 The Federal Labor Relations Act|598
4|3.1.4 The Landrum-Griffin Act|599
3|3.2 Other Major U.S. Statutes Affecting the Employment Relationship|599
2|4 Collective Bargaining Under the National Labor Relations Act|600
3|4.1 The Exclusive Representative Concept|601
3|4.2 Limits on the Scope of Bargaining|602
3|4.3 The Duty to Bargain in Good Faith|604
3|4.4 The Role of Economic Pressure in Bargaining|605
2|5 Enforcement of the Collective Bargaining Agreement|609
3|5.1 Enforcing the Promise to Arbitrate|610
3|5.2 Enforcing the Promise Not to Strike|612
2|6 Conclusion and Assessing the Future|613
2|References|614
1|Questionnaire for the IACL Fukuoka World Congress 2018|616
2|Theme: The Role of Collective Bargaining in Labour Law Regimes|616
3|Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining|616
3|Decentralization and Centralization of Collective Bargaining|617
3|National Collective Bargaining Models and Globalization of the Economy|618
3|Transnational Dimension of Collective Bargaining|618