File #2638: "2019_Book_IntegratedSpaceForAfricanSocie.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|6
1|Executive Summary|8
1|Contents|13
1|Sustainable Development Goals and Space in Africa|15
1|1 Introduction|16
2|Abstract|16
2|1.1 Background|16
2|1.2 African Challenges and Trends|18
3|1.2.1 Climate Change and Environment|19
3|1.2.2 Population Growth and Urbanisation|21
3|1.2.3 Security|23
2|1.3 SDGs and AGENDA 2063|24
2|1.4 Supportive Space Applications|28
2|Bibliography|37
1|2 Africa and Space|40
2|Abstract|40
2|2.1 Introduction and Overview|41
2|2.2 The African Space Policy and Strategy|42
2|2.3 High-Level Policy Goals Identified by the African Space Policy|45
2|2.4 The African Union and Space|50
2|2.5 Embedding Space Law in National Law of African Countries|52
3|2.5.1 Monist-Dualist Approach in African Countries|52
3|2.5.2 International Law|53
3|2.5.3 International Space Law|54
4|2.5.3.1 Core Treaties|54
4|2.5.3.2 Other Treaties|56
4|2.5.3.3 UN Principles|56
4|2.5.3.4 Further UN Resolutions|57
2|2.6 African Space Representation at UNCOPUOS and Other International Fora|58
2|2.7 The Need for an African Space Agency?|60
2|2.8 Implementation of the African Space Agency|64
2|2.9 Conclusion|66
2|2.10 African Country Profiles|66
2|Bibliography|67
1|Country Reports|70
1|3 South Africa|71
2|Abstract|71
2|3.1 Background|71
2|3.2 Pre-1994 Dispensation|72
3|3.2.1 Space-Related Activities|72
3|3.2.2 National Legislation|74
3|3.2.3 International Law Compliance|74
3|3.2.4 Pre-1994 Dispensation Conclusion|76
2|3.3 Post-1994 Dispensation|77
3|3.3.1 Space-Related Activities|77
3|3.3.2 National Legislation|80
3|3.3.3 International Law Compliance|84
3|3.3.4 Post-1994 Dispensation Conclusion|86
2|3.4 Challenges and Development Goals|87
2|Bibliography|89
1|4 South Africa’s Current Vulnerabilities and Capabilities Relating to Space Weather|92
2|Abstract|92
2|4.1 Introduction|93
2|4.2 Objectives and Mechanisms Already Identified for UNISPACE+50|94
2|4.3 South Africa’s Vulnerabilities and Capabilities|95
3|4.3.1 GPS TrigNet Stations|99
3|4.3.2 Ionosonde Stations|99
3|4.3.3 Magnetometer Stations|100
3|4.3.4 Magnetotelluric Stations|101
3|4.3.5 HF Doppler Stations|102
3|4.3.6 Additional Infrastructure|102
2|4.4 South Africa’s Suggested Roadmap and Goals|103
3|4.4.1 Short-Term Goals (5–10 Years)|103
3|4.4.2 Medium-Term Goals (10–20 Years)|104
3|4.4.3 Long-Term Goals ( greaterthan 20 Years)|104
2|References|104
1|5 Nigeria|107
2|Abstract|107
2|5.1 Background and Overview|107
2|5.2 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|109
2|5.3 Meeting Challenges with Space Applications|109
2|5.4 Nigeria’s Status Regarding Space Treaties and Polices|111
2|5.5 Nigeria’s Space Posture: NASRDA|113
2|5.6 Transformation Agenda|113
2|5.7 Nigerian Implementation of the African Space Policy and Strategy (ASPS)|116
2|5.8 Analysis of Nigeria’s Space Policy and Strategy w.r.t. the African Space Policy and Strategy|121
2|Bibliography|121
1|6 Algeria|123
2|Abstract|123
2|6.1 Background and Context|124
2|6.2 Algeria’s Regulatory and Policy Aspects Concerning Outer Space|126
3|6.2.1 UN Treaties on Outer Space, and Algerian Involvement in International Fora|127
3|6.2.2 Algeria’s Domestic Space Legislation, and Space Policy|129
2|6.3 Algerian Space Agency (ASAL)|131
2|6.4 National Space Program (2006–2020)|133
2|6.5 ASAL’s Ground-Based Space Infrastructure and Operating Entities|134
2|6.6 Space Activities|135
2|6.7 Algeria’s Partnerships and International Cooperation|139
3|6.7.1 On a Global Level|140
3|6.7.2 On a Regional Level|142
2|6.8 Findings|143
3|6.8.1 Algerian Space Posture|143
3|6.8.2 Regional and Global Positioning|144
3|6.8.3 Algeria and the African Space Policy and Strategy Implications|146
2|6.9 Conclusion|147
2|Bibliography|148
1|7 Egypt|153
2|Abstract|153
2|7.1 Introduction|153
2|7.2 Participation in International Treaties—Domestic Level Implementation|154
2|7.3 Space Policy of Egypt|156
3|7.3.1 Egyptian Space Program—NARSS|156
3|7.3.2 Egyptian Space Strategy|157
3|7.3.3 Egypt’s Development and Operation of Space Systems|157
3|7.3.4 Egyptian Space Agency|159
2|7.4 International Cooperation and Partnership|160
3|7.4.1 Cooperation in Manufacturing Launching and Operating Levels|160
3|7.4.2 Regional and International Cooperation, Initiatives and Projects|161
3|7.4.3 Interstate Cooperation and Partnership|162
2|7.5 Conclusion|163
2|Bibliography|163
1|8 Kenya|166
2|Abstract|166
2|8.1 Background and Context|166
2|8.2 Kenya’s Outer Space Treaties and Policies|167
3|8.2.1 United Nations Treaties on Outer Space|167
3|8.2.2 African Space Policy and Strategy|168
3|8.2.3 Other International Agreements|169
2|8.3 Kenyan Space Posture|169
3|8.3.1 National Space Policy, Strategy and Space Agency|170
3|8.3.2 Institutional Arrangements|171
3|8.3.3 Geopolitics|172
2|8.4 Kenyan Space Activities|173
3|8.4.1 Broglio Space Centre|173
3|8.4.2 Space Applications|174
3|8.4.3 Planned Space Applications|175
2|8.5 Conclusion|176
2|Bibliography|177
1|9 Morocco|180
2|Abstract|180
2|9.1 Background and Context|181
2|9.2 Morocco’s Regulatory and Policy Aspects Concerning Outer Space|183
3|9.2.1 UN Treaties on Outer Space, and Moroccan Involvement in International Fora|183
3|9.2.2 Morocco’s Domestic Space Legislation, and Space Policy|185
2|9.3 The Royal Centre for Remote Sensing (CRTS)|190
2|9.4 Space Activities and Infrastructure|192
2|9.5 Morocco’s Partnership and International Cooperation|197
2|9.6 Findings and Conclusion|202
2|Bibliography|204
1|10 Namibia|210
2|Abstract|210
2|10.1 Background and Overview|210
3|10.1.1 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|211
3|10.1.2 Meeting Challenges with Space Applications|212
3|10.1.3 Implementation of Space Treaties/International Space Law|213
2|10.2 Space Agency and Space Policy|215
2|10.3 Space Activities and Space Infrastructure (Satellites, Launching Sites)|216
2|10.4 Namibia and Its Implementation of the African Space Policy and Strategy|217
2|10.5 International Cooperation on Space Activities in Namibia|218
3|10.5.1 Introduction|218
3|10.5.2 Modes of Cooperation|218
2|10.6 Focus Area|221
2|10.7 Conclusion|221
2|Bibliography|222
2|Books and Articles|222
2|Online Sources|222
2|Statutes and National Policy Documents: Acts of Parliament|223
2|Statutes and National Policy Documents: Policy Documents|224
1|11 Tunisia|225
2|Abstract|225
2|11.1 Background and Context|226
2|11.2 Tunisia’s Regulatory and Policy Aspects Concerning Outer Space|227
3|11.2.1 UN Treaties on Outer Space and Tunisian Involvement in International Fora|227
3|11.2.2 Tunisia’s Domestic Space Legislation and Space Policy|229
2|11.3 The National Centre for Cartography and Remote Sensing (CNCT)|231
2|11.4 Space Activities and Infrastructure|233
2|11.5 Tunisia’s Partnership and International Cooperation|234
2|11.6 Findings and Conclusion|235
2|Bibliography|236
1|12 Ghana|239
2|Abstract|239
2|12.1 Background and Overview|239
2|12.2 Outer Space Treaties, United Nation Declarations/Principles|240
2|12.3 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|241
2|12.4 Meeting Challenges with Space Applications|241
2|12.5 The Need for Space Programme|242
2|12.6 Development of Ghana Space Agency|242
2|12.7 Ghana’s National Space Policy|244
2|12.8 Short, Medium and Long Term Goals of the Space Agency|245
2|12.9 Ghana and the International Space Law|245
2|12.10 Support Given by the Government of Ghana|246
3|12.10.1 Institutional Support|246
3|12.10.2 Budgetary Support|248
2|12.11 Regional and International Collaboration|248
2|Bibliography|249
1|13 Angola|251
2|Abstract|251
2|13.1 Angola’s Country Profile|251
2|13.2 International Posture on Space in Terms of Treaties and Policy|252
2|13.3 International Cooperation and Dependency|253
2|13.4 Existing Space-Related Activities and Infrastructure|254
2|13.5 AngoSat-1: Proposed Process and Launch|255
2|13.6 Angola and the African Space Policy and Strategy|256
2|13.7 The Space Policy|256
2|13.8 The Space Strategy|257
2|13.9 Financial Performance and Spending|258
2|13.10 Future Prospects and Goals: Commercial Rise in Telecommunications|258
2|Bibliography|260
1|14 Ethiopia|262
2|Abstract|262
2|14.1 Background and Overview|262
3|14.1.1 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|264
3|14.1.2 Meeting Challenges with Space Applications|264
2|14.2 Country Profile|264
2|14.3 Implementation of Space Treaty|265
2|14.4 Space Posture and Evidence of National Space Policy|266
2|14.5 Ethiopia Alliances and Partnership|267
2|14.6 Budget Allocation for Space Programmes|268
2|14.7 Reliance on Derived Data and Geopolitics by Ethiopia|268
2|14.8 Findings|269
2|14.9 Conclusion|269
2|Bibliography|270
1|15 Sudan and South Sudan|272
2|Abstract|272
2|15.1 Introduction|272
2|15.2 African Space Policy and Strategy and Sudan|273
2|15.3 History|273
2|15.4 Current Affairs in Sudan and South Sudan|274
3|15.4.1 Education|274
3|15.4.2 Infrastructure and Natural Resources|275
3|15.4.3 Business and Investment|276
3|15.4.4 International Space Treaties, Domestic Legislation|276
2|15.5 Space Posture|277
2|15.6 Space Programs|278
3|15.6.1 Satellite Sentinel Project|278
4|15.6.1.1 Is/Was There Any International Involvement?|279
4|15.6.1.2 Is the Data Locally or Internationally Sourced?|279
4|15.6.1.3 Does the Program Have Any Partnerships?|279
4|15.6.1.4 What Is the Geopolitical Implication of the Partnership/s for the|279
3|15.6.2 Sudanese Remote Sensing Authority (RSA)|280
4|15.6.2.1 Is/Was There Any International Involvement?|280
4|15.6.2.2 Is/Was the Data Locally or Internationally Sourced?|280
4|15.6.2.3 Does the Program Have Any Partnerships?|281
4|15.6.2.4 What Is the Geopolitical Implication of the Partnership/s for the?|281
3|15.6.3 Cubesat, KN-SAT1|281
4|15.6.3.1 Is/Was There Any International Involvement?|281
4|15.6.3.2 Is/Was the Data Locally or Internationally Sourced?|282
4|15.6.3.3 Does the Program Have Any Partnership/s?|282
4|15.6.3.4 What Is the Geopolitical Implication of the Partnership/s for the?|282
2|15.7 Conclusion|282
3|15.7.1 Goal 1|282
4|15.7.1.1 Possible Opportunities|282
4|15.7.1.2 Possible Challenges|283
4|15.7.1.3 Possible Opportunities|283
4|15.7.1.4 Possible Challenges|283
3|15.7.2 Goal 2|284
4|15.7.2.1 Possible Opportunities|284
4|15.7.2.2 Possible Challenges|284
4|15.7.2.3 Possible Opportunities|284
4|15.7.2.4 Possible Challenges|284
2|15.8 Conclusion|285
2|Bibliography|285
1|16 Tanzania|287
2|Abstract|287
2|16.1 Background and Overview|287
3|16.1.1 Space Applications, Treaties, United Nation Declarations/Principles|288
2|16.2 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|289
2|Bibliography|290
1|17 Uganda|292
2|Abstract|292
2|17.1 Background and Overview|292
2|17.2 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|294
2|17.3 Meeting Challenges with Space Applications|294
2|17.4 Treaties, Agreements and Principles|295
2|17.5 Uganda and African Union|296
2|17.6 Space Activities in Uganda|297
2|17.7 Uganda’s Involvement in Space|300
2|17.8 Geopolitical Positioning of Uganda|301
2|17.9 Conclusion|303
2|References|305
1|18 Zambia|307
2|Abstract|307
2|18.1 About Zambia|307
3|18.1.1 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|308
3|18.1.2 Meeting Challenges with Space Applications|309
2|18.2 International Space Law|310
2|18.3 Space Activities in Zambia|312
2|18.4 Space Law and Policy|314
3|18.4.1 Legislative Framework|314
3|18.4.2 Institutional and Policy Framework|315
2|18.5 Conclusion|317
2|Bibliography|317
2|Articles|317
2|Conference Paper|318
2|Internet Sources|318
2|UN Treaties|318
2|Legislation|319
2|Policy|319
1|19 Zimbabwe|320
2|Abstract|320
2|19.1 Background and Context|321
2|19.2 Zimbabwe’s Regulatory and Policy Aspects Concerning Outer Space|322
3|19.2.1 UN Treaties on Outer Space and Zimbabwean Involvement in International Fora|322
3|19.2.2 Zimbabwe’s Domestic Space Legislation and Space Policy|323
2|19.3 The Zimbabwe National Geospatial and Space Agency|327
2|19.4 Space Activities and Infrastructure|329
2|19.5 Zimbabwe’s Partnership and International Cooperation|331
2|19.6 Findings and Conclusion|331
2|Bibliography|332
1|Integrated Space for African Society|335
1|20 Embedding Space in Society|336
2|Abstract|336
2|20.1 Embedding|337
2|20.2 Prerequisites|338
2|20.3 Reviewing African Space Activity|339
3|20.3.1 The African Space Ranking Matrix|339
3|20.3.2 Satellites, Technical Requirements and User Need Gaps|349
2|20.4 SWOT Analysis|355
3|20.4.1 Strengths|355
3|20.4.2 Weaknesses|356
3|20.4.3 Opportunities|356
3|20.4.4 Threats|356
2|Bibliography|357
1|21 Initiatives for Embedding Space Applications in African Societies|358
2|Abstract|358
2|21.1 Introduction|359
2|21.2 Suggested Initiatives|363
3|21.2.1 Policy Availability|363
3|21.2.2 Academic Expertise and Awareness Sharing|363
3|21.2.3 Using Regional Economic Communities for Academic Collaboration|364
3|21.2.4 University Space Start-Up Incubators|367
3|21.2.5 African Coordination at Space Fora|368
3|21.2.6 Free, User-Friendly Farming Application|369
4|21.2.6.1 Problem|369
4|21.2.6.2 Opportunities|369
4|21.2.6.3 Application|370
2|21.3 Conclusion|371
2|Bibliography|373
1|Executive Summary|8
1|Contents|13
1|Sustainable Development Goals and Space in Africa|15
1|1 Introduction|16
2|Abstract|16
2|1.1 Background|16
2|1.2 African Challenges and Trends|18
3|1.2.1 Climate Change and Environment|19
3|1.2.2 Population Growth and Urbanisation|21
3|1.2.3 Security|23
2|1.3 SDGs and AGENDA 2063|24
2|1.4 Supportive Space Applications|28
2|Bibliography|37
1|2 Africa and Space|40
2|Abstract|40
2|2.1 Introduction and Overview|41
2|2.2 The African Space Policy and Strategy|42
2|2.3 High-Level Policy Goals Identified by the African Space Policy|45
2|2.4 The African Union and Space|50
2|2.5 Embedding Space Law in National Law of African Countries|52
3|2.5.1 Monist-Dualist Approach in African Countries|52
3|2.5.2 International Law|53
3|2.5.3 International Space Law|54
4|2.5.3.1 Core Treaties|54
4|2.5.3.2 Other Treaties|56
4|2.5.3.3 UN Principles|56
4|2.5.3.4 Further UN Resolutions|57
2|2.6 African Space Representation at UNCOPUOS and Other International Fora|58
2|2.7 The Need for an African Space Agency?|60
2|2.8 Implementation of the African Space Agency|64
2|2.9 Conclusion|66
2|2.10 African Country Profiles|66
2|Bibliography|67
1|Country Reports|70
1|3 South Africa|71
2|Abstract|71
2|3.1 Background|71
2|3.2 Pre-1994 Dispensation|72
3|3.2.1 Space-Related Activities|72
3|3.2.2 National Legislation|74
3|3.2.3 International Law Compliance|74
3|3.2.4 Pre-1994 Dispensation Conclusion|76
2|3.3 Post-1994 Dispensation|77
3|3.3.1 Space-Related Activities|77
3|3.3.2 National Legislation|80
3|3.3.3 International Law Compliance|84
3|3.3.4 Post-1994 Dispensation Conclusion|86
2|3.4 Challenges and Development Goals|87
2|Bibliography|89
1|4 South Africa’s Current Vulnerabilities and Capabilities Relating to Space Weather|92
2|Abstract|92
2|4.1 Introduction|93
2|4.2 Objectives and Mechanisms Already Identified for UNISPACE+50|94
2|4.3 South Africa’s Vulnerabilities and Capabilities|95
3|4.3.1 GPS TrigNet Stations|99
3|4.3.2 Ionosonde Stations|99
3|4.3.3 Magnetometer Stations|100
3|4.3.4 Magnetotelluric Stations|101
3|4.3.5 HF Doppler Stations|102
3|4.3.6 Additional Infrastructure|102
2|4.4 South Africa’s Suggested Roadmap and Goals|103
3|4.4.1 Short-Term Goals (5–10 Years)|103
3|4.4.2 Medium-Term Goals (10–20 Years)|104
3|4.4.3 Long-Term Goals ( greaterthan 20 Years)|104
2|References|104
1|5 Nigeria|107
2|Abstract|107
2|5.1 Background and Overview|107
2|5.2 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|109
2|5.3 Meeting Challenges with Space Applications|109
2|5.4 Nigeria’s Status Regarding Space Treaties and Polices|111
2|5.5 Nigeria’s Space Posture: NASRDA|113
2|5.6 Transformation Agenda|113
2|5.7 Nigerian Implementation of the African Space Policy and Strategy (ASPS)|116
2|5.8 Analysis of Nigeria’s Space Policy and Strategy w.r.t. the African Space Policy and Strategy|121
2|Bibliography|121
1|6 Algeria|123
2|Abstract|123
2|6.1 Background and Context|124
2|6.2 Algeria’s Regulatory and Policy Aspects Concerning Outer Space|126
3|6.2.1 UN Treaties on Outer Space, and Algerian Involvement in International Fora|127
3|6.2.2 Algeria’s Domestic Space Legislation, and Space Policy|129
2|6.3 Algerian Space Agency (ASAL)|131
2|6.4 National Space Program (2006–2020)|133
2|6.5 ASAL’s Ground-Based Space Infrastructure and Operating Entities|134
2|6.6 Space Activities|135
2|6.7 Algeria’s Partnerships and International Cooperation|139
3|6.7.1 On a Global Level|140
3|6.7.2 On a Regional Level|142
2|6.8 Findings|143
3|6.8.1 Algerian Space Posture|143
3|6.8.2 Regional and Global Positioning|144
3|6.8.3 Algeria and the African Space Policy and Strategy Implications|146
2|6.9 Conclusion|147
2|Bibliography|148
1|7 Egypt|153
2|Abstract|153
2|7.1 Introduction|153
2|7.2 Participation in International Treaties—Domestic Level Implementation|154
2|7.3 Space Policy of Egypt|156
3|7.3.1 Egyptian Space Program—NARSS|156
3|7.3.2 Egyptian Space Strategy|157
3|7.3.3 Egypt’s Development and Operation of Space Systems|157
3|7.3.4 Egyptian Space Agency|159
2|7.4 International Cooperation and Partnership|160
3|7.4.1 Cooperation in Manufacturing Launching and Operating Levels|160
3|7.4.2 Regional and International Cooperation, Initiatives and Projects|161
3|7.4.3 Interstate Cooperation and Partnership|162
2|7.5 Conclusion|163
2|Bibliography|163
1|8 Kenya|166
2|Abstract|166
2|8.1 Background and Context|166
2|8.2 Kenya’s Outer Space Treaties and Policies|167
3|8.2.1 United Nations Treaties on Outer Space|167
3|8.2.2 African Space Policy and Strategy|168
3|8.2.3 Other International Agreements|169
2|8.3 Kenyan Space Posture|169
3|8.3.1 National Space Policy, Strategy and Space Agency|170
3|8.3.2 Institutional Arrangements|171
3|8.3.3 Geopolitics|172
2|8.4 Kenyan Space Activities|173
3|8.4.1 Broglio Space Centre|173
3|8.4.2 Space Applications|174
3|8.4.3 Planned Space Applications|175
2|8.5 Conclusion|176
2|Bibliography|177
1|9 Morocco|180
2|Abstract|180
2|9.1 Background and Context|181
2|9.2 Morocco’s Regulatory and Policy Aspects Concerning Outer Space|183
3|9.2.1 UN Treaties on Outer Space, and Moroccan Involvement in International Fora|183
3|9.2.2 Morocco’s Domestic Space Legislation, and Space Policy|185
2|9.3 The Royal Centre for Remote Sensing (CRTS)|190
2|9.4 Space Activities and Infrastructure|192
2|9.5 Morocco’s Partnership and International Cooperation|197
2|9.6 Findings and Conclusion|202
2|Bibliography|204
1|10 Namibia|210
2|Abstract|210
2|10.1 Background and Overview|210
3|10.1.1 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|211
3|10.1.2 Meeting Challenges with Space Applications|212
3|10.1.3 Implementation of Space Treaties/International Space Law|213
2|10.2 Space Agency and Space Policy|215
2|10.3 Space Activities and Space Infrastructure (Satellites, Launching Sites)|216
2|10.4 Namibia and Its Implementation of the African Space Policy and Strategy|217
2|10.5 International Cooperation on Space Activities in Namibia|218
3|10.5.1 Introduction|218
3|10.5.2 Modes of Cooperation|218
2|10.6 Focus Area|221
2|10.7 Conclusion|221
2|Bibliography|222
2|Books and Articles|222
2|Online Sources|222
2|Statutes and National Policy Documents: Acts of Parliament|223
2|Statutes and National Policy Documents: Policy Documents|224
1|11 Tunisia|225
2|Abstract|225
2|11.1 Background and Context|226
2|11.2 Tunisia’s Regulatory and Policy Aspects Concerning Outer Space|227
3|11.2.1 UN Treaties on Outer Space and Tunisian Involvement in International Fora|227
3|11.2.2 Tunisia’s Domestic Space Legislation and Space Policy|229
2|11.3 The National Centre for Cartography and Remote Sensing (CNCT)|231
2|11.4 Space Activities and Infrastructure|233
2|11.5 Tunisia’s Partnership and International Cooperation|234
2|11.6 Findings and Conclusion|235
2|Bibliography|236
1|12 Ghana|239
2|Abstract|239
2|12.1 Background and Overview|239
2|12.2 Outer Space Treaties, United Nation Declarations/Principles|240
2|12.3 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|241
2|12.4 Meeting Challenges with Space Applications|241
2|12.5 The Need for Space Programme|242
2|12.6 Development of Ghana Space Agency|242
2|12.7 Ghana’s National Space Policy|244
2|12.8 Short, Medium and Long Term Goals of the Space Agency|245
2|12.9 Ghana and the International Space Law|245
2|12.10 Support Given by the Government of Ghana|246
3|12.10.1 Institutional Support|246
3|12.10.2 Budgetary Support|248
2|12.11 Regional and International Collaboration|248
2|Bibliography|249
1|13 Angola|251
2|Abstract|251
2|13.1 Angola’s Country Profile|251
2|13.2 International Posture on Space in Terms of Treaties and Policy|252
2|13.3 International Cooperation and Dependency|253
2|13.4 Existing Space-Related Activities and Infrastructure|254
2|13.5 AngoSat-1: Proposed Process and Launch|255
2|13.6 Angola and the African Space Policy and Strategy|256
2|13.7 The Space Policy|256
2|13.8 The Space Strategy|257
2|13.9 Financial Performance and Spending|258
2|13.10 Future Prospects and Goals: Commercial Rise in Telecommunications|258
2|Bibliography|260
1|14 Ethiopia|262
2|Abstract|262
2|14.1 Background and Overview|262
3|14.1.1 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|264
3|14.1.2 Meeting Challenges with Space Applications|264
2|14.2 Country Profile|264
2|14.3 Implementation of Space Treaty|265
2|14.4 Space Posture and Evidence of National Space Policy|266
2|14.5 Ethiopia Alliances and Partnership|267
2|14.6 Budget Allocation for Space Programmes|268
2|14.7 Reliance on Derived Data and Geopolitics by Ethiopia|268
2|14.8 Findings|269
2|14.9 Conclusion|269
2|Bibliography|270
1|15 Sudan and South Sudan|272
2|Abstract|272
2|15.1 Introduction|272
2|15.2 African Space Policy and Strategy and Sudan|273
2|15.3 History|273
2|15.4 Current Affairs in Sudan and South Sudan|274
3|15.4.1 Education|274
3|15.4.2 Infrastructure and Natural Resources|275
3|15.4.3 Business and Investment|276
3|15.4.4 International Space Treaties, Domestic Legislation|276
2|15.5 Space Posture|277
2|15.6 Space Programs|278
3|15.6.1 Satellite Sentinel Project|278
4|15.6.1.1 Is/Was There Any International Involvement?|279
4|15.6.1.2 Is the Data Locally or Internationally Sourced?|279
4|15.6.1.3 Does the Program Have Any Partnerships?|279
4|15.6.1.4 What Is the Geopolitical Implication of the Partnership/s for the|279
3|15.6.2 Sudanese Remote Sensing Authority (RSA)|280
4|15.6.2.1 Is/Was There Any International Involvement?|280
4|15.6.2.2 Is/Was the Data Locally or Internationally Sourced?|280
4|15.6.2.3 Does the Program Have Any Partnerships?|281
4|15.6.2.4 What Is the Geopolitical Implication of the Partnership/s for the?|281
3|15.6.3 Cubesat, KN-SAT1|281
4|15.6.3.1 Is/Was There Any International Involvement?|281
4|15.6.3.2 Is/Was the Data Locally or Internationally Sourced?|282
4|15.6.3.3 Does the Program Have Any Partnership/s?|282
4|15.6.3.4 What Is the Geopolitical Implication of the Partnership/s for the?|282
2|15.7 Conclusion|282
3|15.7.1 Goal 1|282
4|15.7.1.1 Possible Opportunities|282
4|15.7.1.2 Possible Challenges|283
4|15.7.1.3 Possible Opportunities|283
4|15.7.1.4 Possible Challenges|283
3|15.7.2 Goal 2|284
4|15.7.2.1 Possible Opportunities|284
4|15.7.2.2 Possible Challenges|284
4|15.7.2.3 Possible Opportunities|284
4|15.7.2.4 Possible Challenges|284
2|15.8 Conclusion|285
2|Bibliography|285
1|16 Tanzania|287
2|Abstract|287
2|16.1 Background and Overview|287
3|16.1.1 Space Applications, Treaties, United Nation Declarations/Principles|288
2|16.2 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|289
2|Bibliography|290
1|17 Uganda|292
2|Abstract|292
2|17.1 Background and Overview|292
2|17.2 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|294
2|17.3 Meeting Challenges with Space Applications|294
2|17.4 Treaties, Agreements and Principles|295
2|17.5 Uganda and African Union|296
2|17.6 Space Activities in Uganda|297
2|17.7 Uganda’s Involvement in Space|300
2|17.8 Geopolitical Positioning of Uganda|301
2|17.9 Conclusion|303
2|References|305
1|18 Zambia|307
2|Abstract|307
2|18.1 About Zambia|307
3|18.1.1 Relevant Challenges and Development Goals|308
3|18.1.2 Meeting Challenges with Space Applications|309
2|18.2 International Space Law|310
2|18.3 Space Activities in Zambia|312
2|18.4 Space Law and Policy|314
3|18.4.1 Legislative Framework|314
3|18.4.2 Institutional and Policy Framework|315
2|18.5 Conclusion|317
2|Bibliography|317
2|Articles|317
2|Conference Paper|318
2|Internet Sources|318
2|UN Treaties|318
2|Legislation|319
2|Policy|319
1|19 Zimbabwe|320
2|Abstract|320
2|19.1 Background and Context|321
2|19.2 Zimbabwe’s Regulatory and Policy Aspects Concerning Outer Space|322
3|19.2.1 UN Treaties on Outer Space and Zimbabwean Involvement in International Fora|322
3|19.2.2 Zimbabwe’s Domestic Space Legislation and Space Policy|323
2|19.3 The Zimbabwe National Geospatial and Space Agency|327
2|19.4 Space Activities and Infrastructure|329
2|19.5 Zimbabwe’s Partnership and International Cooperation|331
2|19.6 Findings and Conclusion|331
2|Bibliography|332
1|Integrated Space for African Society|335
1|20 Embedding Space in Society|336
2|Abstract|336
2|20.1 Embedding|337
2|20.2 Prerequisites|338
2|20.3 Reviewing African Space Activity|339
3|20.3.1 The African Space Ranking Matrix|339
3|20.3.2 Satellites, Technical Requirements and User Need Gaps|349
2|20.4 SWOT Analysis|355
3|20.4.1 Strengths|355
3|20.4.2 Weaknesses|356
3|20.4.3 Opportunities|356
3|20.4.4 Threats|356
2|Bibliography|357
1|21 Initiatives for Embedding Space Applications in African Societies|358
2|Abstract|358
2|21.1 Introduction|359
2|21.2 Suggested Initiatives|363
3|21.2.1 Policy Availability|363
3|21.2.2 Academic Expertise and Awareness Sharing|363
3|21.2.3 Using Regional Economic Communities for Academic Collaboration|364
3|21.2.4 University Space Start-Up Incubators|367
3|21.2.5 African Coordination at Space Fora|368
3|21.2.6 Free, User-Friendly Farming Application|369
4|21.2.6.1 Problem|369
4|21.2.6.2 Opportunities|369
4|21.2.6.3 Application|370
2|21.3 Conclusion|371
2|Bibliography|373