File #2583: "2019_Book_TheRoleOfTheHighestCourtsOfThe.pdf"
Text
1|Foreword|6
1|Preface|9
1|Acknowledgements|13
1|About This Book|15
1|Contents|22
1|About the Author|28
1|Abbreviations|29
1|Introduction and Foreign Policy Analysis|31
1|1 Introduction|32
2|Abstract|32
2|1.1 Introduction|33
2|1.2 Problem Statement and Rationale|35
2|1.3 Objectives|37
2|1.4 Literature Review|38
3|1.4.1 Introduction|38
3|1.4.2 Foreign Policy Analysis|38
3|1.4.3 Judiciaries of the USA, South Africa, and the EU|40
2|1.5 Conclusion|45
2|References|46
2|Books and Articles|46
2|SCOTUS Cases|52
2|CC Case|52
2|ECJ Cases|52
2|Documents Related to Brexit|52
2|Further Reading|53
1|2 Foreign Policy Analysis|54
2|Abstract|54
2|2.1 Introduction|55
2|2.2 FPA as a Research Tool|58
2|2.3 New Circumstances Demanding the Attention of FPA|61
2|2.4 National Security and FPA|63
2|2.5 Influence of Domestic Affairs on FPA|65
2|2.6 Impact of the Legislature|69
2|2.7 European Perspectives on FPA|71
2|2.8 Presence of Non-State Actors|74
2|2.9 New Actors in FPA|75
2|2.10 Repacking the FPA Toolbox|76
2|2.11 Conclusion|80
2|References|82
2|Books and Articles|82
2|SCOTUS Cases|86
2|European Union Document|86
2|Newspapers|86
2|Further Reading|86
1|United States of America|89
1|3 SCOTUS (Segment A)|90
2|Abstract|90
2|3.1 Introduction|91
2|3.2 Constitutional Structure|91
2|3.3 Evolution of SCOTUS’s Four Historical Eras|94
2|3.4 Recognition of Congressional Involvement in Foreign Affairs|97
2|3.5 Framing of the Constitution—Foreign Affairs and Judicial Content with Their Implications|98
3|3.5.1 Introduction|98
3|3.5.2 Constitutional Convention|99
4|3.5.2.1 Introduction|99
4|3.5.2.2 International Environment at the Time of the Convention|101
4|3.5.2.3 The New Constitution|102
2|3.6 Foreign Affairs Powers Granted to the Legislative Branch|104
3|3.6.1 Specific Powers Granted to Congress|104
3|3.6.2 Specific Powers Granted Solely to the Senate|105
2|3.7 Constitutional Interpretations of These Powers by SCOTUS|105
3|3.7.1 Introduction|105
3|3.7.2 Powers Granted to Congress|107
3|3.7.3 Powers Granted Solely to the Senate|111
4|3.7.3.1 Approval of Treaties|111
4|3.7.3.2 Executive Agreements in Lieu of Treaties|112
4|3.7.3.3 Approval of Nominations|114
2|3.8 Doctrines Applied by SCOTUS in Cases Involving Foreign Affairs|114
3|3.8.1 Judicial Review|114
4|3.8.1.1 Debate at the Constitutional Convention|114
4|3.8.1.2 Judicial Review and Marbury v. Madison|115
3|3.8.2 Political Question Doctrine|116
4|3.8.2.1 Introduction|116
4|3.8.2.2 Application of the Political Question Doctrine|119
3|3.8.3 Act of State Doctrine|123
3|3.8.4 Sovereign Immunity|125
4|3.8.4.1 Introduction|125
4|3.8.4.2 The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976|127
4|3.8.4.3 The Task of Determining Immunity|129
4|3.8.4.4 Four Recent Cases Involving Sovereign Immunity|131
3|3.8.5 The State Secrets Doctrine|137
3|3.8.6 The Charming Betsy Canon|138
3|3.8.7 Deference to the Executive|139
4|3.8.7.1 Introduction|139
4|3.8.7.2 United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp|142
2|3.9 Involvement of US States in Foreign Affairs|153
2|3.10 Conclusion|154
2|References|155
2|Books and Articles|155
2|SCOTUS Briefs|161
2|SCOTUS Cases|161
2|SCOTUS Oral Arguments|162
2|SCOTUS Petitions|162
2|Federal Statutes|163
2|International Court of Justice Case|163
2|Other Documents|163
2|Further Reading|163
1|4 SCOTUS (Segment B)|167
2|Abstract|167
2|4.1 Introduction|168
2|4.2 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer|170
3|4.2.1 Introduction|170
3|4.2.2 The Decision|171
3|4.2.3 Reaction to and Evaluation of the Decision|176
2|4.3 Human Rights Cases Decided by SCOTUS|180
3|4.3.1 Introduction|180
3|4.3.2 Breard v. Greene|180
3|4.3.3 Medellín v. Texas|181
4|4.3.3.1 Background|181
4|4.3.3.2 The Decision|182
3|4.3.4 Humberto Leal Garcia v. Texas|184
4|4.3.4.1 Background|184
4|4.3.4.2 Arguments Advanced by the Executive Branch|184
4|4.3.4.3 The Decision|185
2|4.4 Detainee Cases and Their Human Rights Implications|186
3|4.4.1 Introduction|186
3|4.4.2 Guantánamo Bay Prison|188
3|4.4.3 Rasul v. Bush|190
3|4.4.4 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld|192
3|4.4.5 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld|194
3|4.4.6 Boumediene v. Bush|197
2|4.5 Conclusion|201
2|References|204
2|Books and Articles|204
2|SCOTUS Briefs|206
2|SCOTUS Cases|206
2|SCOTUS Oral Arguments|207
2|SCOTUS Orders|207
2|Federal Statute|207
2|International Court of Justice Cases|207
2|Newspapers|207
2|Other Documents|208
2|Further Reading|208
1|5 SCOTUS (Segment C)|209
2|Abstract|209
2|5.1 Introduction|210
2|5.2 Alien Tort Statute of 1789|211
3|5.2.1 Introduction|211
3|5.2.2 Filártiga v. Peña-Irala|213
3|5.2.3 Different Applications of the Alien Tort Statute|215
3|5.2.4 SCOTUS and the Alien Tort Statute Cases|217
4|5.2.4.1 Introduction|217
4|5.2.4.2 Sosa v. Humberto Alvarez-Machain|218
4|5.2.4.3 Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.|220
4|5.2.4.4 RJR Nabisco v. European Community|234
4|5.2.4.5 Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC|236
2|5.3 Mark Sokolow, et al. v. Palestine Liberation Organization and Palestinian Authority|246
3|5.3.1 Introduction|246
3|5.3.2 Briefs Submitted|246
3|5.3.3 The Decision|247
2|5.4 Conclusion|247
2|References|248
2|Books and Articles|248
2|SCOTUS Briefs|251
2|SCOTUS Cases|252
2|SCOTUS Oral Arguments|252
2|SCOTUS Petition|252
2|US Federal Court Case|252
2|US Federal Statutes|252
2|Newspaper|252
2|Other Documents|252
2|Further Reading|253
1|6 SCOTUS (Segment D)|254
2|Abstract|254
2|6.1 Recent SCOTUS Decisions Involving Foreign Affairs|255
3|6.1.1 Introduction|255
3|6.1.2 Zivotofsky v. Clinton and Zivotofsky v. Kerry|257
4|6.1.2.1 Introduction|257
4|6.1.2.2 Zivotofsky v. Clinton|257
4|6.1.2.3 Zivotofsky v. Kerry|262
3|6.1.3 Central Bank of Iran v. Peterson|269
3|6.1.4 Cases Resulting from President Trump’s Travel Bans|269
4|6.1.4.1 Introduction|269
4|6.1.4.2 Trump v. International Refugee Assistance Project and Trump v. Hawaii|271
4|6.1.4.3 Relevancy of Previous Cases on Immigration|277
3|6.1.5 President Trump’s Asylum Ban|279
3|6.1.6 Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project|281
2|6.2 Significance of Amici Curiae|283
3|6.2.1 Introduction|283
3|6.2.2 Background|284
3|6.2.3 Importance of Briefs Addressing Foreign Affairs Issues|286
3|6.2.4 Selection of Briefs|287
4|6.2.4.1 Briefs in Sosa v. Humberto Alvarez-Machain|288
4|6.2.4.2 Briefs in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co|288
4|6.2.4.3 Reaction of the Court|290
3|6.2.5 Assessment of the Briefs Filed by the George W. Bush Administration in ATS Cases|290
2|6.3 Growing Distrust in the Executive|292
2|6.4 Conclusion|294
2|6.5 Summation of SCOTUS’s Involvement in Foreign Affairs|295
2|References|302
2|Books and Articles|302
2|SCOTUS Application|304
2|SCOTUS Briefs|304
2|SCOTUS Cases|305
2|SCOTUS Oral Arguments|305
2|SCOTUS Orders|306
2|SCOTUS Other Documents|306
2|US Federal Court Case|306
2|Federal Statutes|306
2|Newspaper|306
2|Other Documents|306
2|Further Reading|306
1|South Africa|308
1|7 South Africa—Constitutional Court and Supreme Court of Appeal|309
2|Abstract|309
2|7.1 Introduction|310
2|7.2 Human Rights and South Africa’s Foreign Policy|310
2|7.3 Cases Involving Foreign Affairs|311
3|7.3.1 National Commissioner of the South African Police Service (SAPS) and the Southern African Human Rights Litigation Centre|311
4|7.3.1.1 Introduction|311
4|7.3.1.2 The Decision of the SCA|312
4|7.3.1.3 The Decision of the CC|312
3|7.3.2 Kaunda and Others v. President of the Republic of South Africa|314
4|7.3.2.1 Introduction|314
4|7.3.2.2 Decision of the CC|314
3|7.3.3 Von Abo v. President of the Republic of South Africa|316
3|7.3.4 Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe v. Fick|317
3|7.3.5 President Al-Bashir and the International Criminal Court|318
4|7.3.5.1 Introduction|318
4|7.3.5.2 Refusal to Adhere to the Arrest Warrants Issued by the ICC|319
4|7.3.5.3 Involvement of the SCA|320
4|7.3.5.4 Notice to Withdraw from the Rome Statute|321
3|7.3.6 S. v. Okah|327
3|7.3.7 Law Society of South Africa v. President of the Republic of South Africa|329
4|7.3.7.1 Introduction|329
4|7.3.7.2 Decision of the North Gauteng Division of the High Court|329
4|7.3.7.3 Decision of the CC|332
2|7.4 Significance of Amici Curiae|335
2|7.5 Conclusion|337
2|References|337
2|Books and Articles|337
2|Constitutional Court Cases|338
2|Supreme Court of Appeal Cases|339
2|High Courts of South Africa Cases|339
2|Other Documents|339
2|Further Reading|340
1|European Court of Justice|341
1|8 European Court of Justice (Segment A)|342
2|Abstract|342
2|8.1 Introduction|343
2|8.2 Foreign Affairs of the EU and Its Judicialisation|344
2|8.3 The ECJ and Its Powers and Functions in Foreign Affairs|346
3|8.3.1 Promotion of European Integration in an Enlarged Union|348
3|8.3.2 The ECJ and the EU Treaties|350
3|8.3.3 The ECJ and Trade|357
2|8.4 Case Studies|359
3|8.4.1 Introduction|359
3|8.4.2 Yassin Kadi and the Al Barakaat Foundation|359
4|8.4.2.1 Introduction|359
4|8.4.2.2 Kadi and the Foundation in the Context of the Events of 9/11|361
4|8.4.2.3 Response by the EU to UNSC Resolutions and by Kadi and the Al Barakaat Foundation to EU Regulations|363
4|8.4.2.4 Four Kadi Rulings|363
4|8.4.2.5 Significance of the Kadi Rulings|366
3|8.4.3 Final Perspectives on the Kadi Rulings|371
2|8.5 Absence of Amici Curiae in the ECJ System|373
2|References|373
2|Books and Articles|373
2|ECJ Court Cases|378
2|Opinions by the Advocate General of the ECJ|378
2|Press Release Issued by the ECJ|379
2|EU Council Document|379
2|UN Security Council Resolutions|379
2|Newspaper|379
2|Further Reading|379
1|9 European Court of Justice (Segment B)|382
2|Abstract|382
2|9.1 Introduction|383
2|9.2 Case Studies|383
3|9.2.1 NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v. Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration and Flaminio Costa v. E.N.E.L|383
3|9.2.2 Rewe-Zentral AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein (Cassis de Dijon case)|384
3|9.2.3 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)|385
3|9.2.4 EU-USA Counterterrorism Agreement|386
3|9.2.5 PJSC Rosneft Oil Company v. Her Majesty’s Treasury and Others|386
3|9.2.6 Immigration|387
3|9.2.7 Maximillian Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner|389
3|9.2.8 Morocco and Western Sahara (Polisario Front)|390
3|9.2.9 Two Cases Involving Iranian Banks|391
3|9.2.10 Agreement Between Canada and the European Union|391
3|9.2.11 Consequences of Russian Involvement in Ukraine|392
3|9.2.12 Council of the European Union v. Hamas|393
3|9.2.13 Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) v. Council of the European Union|394
2|9.3 Conclusion|395
2|References|396
2|Books and Articles|396
2|ECJ Court Cases|397
2|ECJ Case Opinion|398
2|Opinions by the Advocate General of the ECJ|398
2|Press Releases Issued by the ECJ|398
2|Press Releases Issued by the European Commission|398
2|EU Council Document|398
2|SCOTUS Case|399
2|SA High Court Case|399
2|UN Security Council Resolutions|399
2|Newspaper|399
2|Other Documents|399
1|10 European Court of Justice (Segment C)|400
2|Abstract|400
2|10.1 Introductionto the UK and Brexit—No ECJ|401
2|10.2 UK Resentment of the ECJ|404
2|10.3 Reasons for this Resentment|404
3|10.3.1 Introduction|404
3|10.3.2 Issue of Deportation from the UK|405
3|10.3.3 ECJ Decision of 21 December 2016|405
3|10.3.4 EU and the Singapore Free Trade Agreement|406
2|10.4 Constructing the UK’s Future with the EU|408
3|10.4.1 Introduction|408
3|10.4.2 UK Proposals for a New Relationship with the EU|408
3|10.4.3 Supreme Court Judgment in Miller Case|409
3|10.4.4 Official Notification of Withdrawal Conveyed to the EU|409
3|10.4.5 First White Paper|410
3|10.4.6 European Union Withdrawal Bill|411
3|10.4.7 Position of European Citizens in the UK and UK Citizens in the EU After Brexit|412
3|10.4.8 European Arrest Warrants|414
2|10.5 Second White Paper|416
3|10.5.1 Prelude|416
3|10.5.2 White Paper Presented to Parliament|418
3|10.5.3 Reaction to References to the ECJ in the White Paper|419
3|10.5.4 Reaction to the Overall Package of Proposals Presented by PM May|423
2|10.6 Comments by the Legal Establishment in the UK Prior to the Withdrawal Agreement Reached with the EU in November 2018|427
2|10.7 Relevance of Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty on European Union|428
2|10.8 Withdrawal Agreement Reached with the EU in November 2018 and Its Aftermath|431
3|10.8.1 Introduction|431
3|10.8.2 Withdrawal Agreement|433
3|10.8.3 Political Declaration|434
3|10.8.4 Inclusion of the ECJ in the Withdrawal Agreement|434
3|10.8.5 Legal Review of the Withdrawal Agreement|436
3|10.8.6 The Aftermath and Political Fallout|437
2|10.9 Conclusion|438
2|10.10 Summation of the ECJ and Its Involvement in Foreign Affairs|440
2|References|441
2|Books and Articles|441
2|ECJ Court Cases|445
2|High Court of SA Case|445
2|Supreme Court of the UK Case|445
2|Court of Session Inner House of Scotland Case|445
2|Opinions by the Advocate General of the ECJ|446
2|Press Releases Issued by the ECJ|446
2|Press Release Issued by the EU Council|446
2|Documents of the EU Council|446
2|Documents Related to Brexit|446
2|Newspapers and Periodicals|447
2|Further Reading|447
1|Conclusion|449
1|11 Concluding Remarks|450
2|Abstract|450
2|11.1 Achieving the Purpose of the Study and the Benefit to Foreign Policy Analysis|451
2|11.2 United States of America|454
2|11.3 South Africa|458
2|11.4 European Court of Justice|458
2|11.5 Concluding Summary|460
2|References|461
2|Books and Articles|461
2|SCOTUS Cases|462
2|ECJ Case|462
1|Index|463
1|Preface|9
1|Acknowledgements|13
1|About This Book|15
1|Contents|22
1|About the Author|28
1|Abbreviations|29
1|Introduction and Foreign Policy Analysis|31
1|1 Introduction|32
2|Abstract|32
2|1.1 Introduction|33
2|1.2 Problem Statement and Rationale|35
2|1.3 Objectives|37
2|1.4 Literature Review|38
3|1.4.1 Introduction|38
3|1.4.2 Foreign Policy Analysis|38
3|1.4.3 Judiciaries of the USA, South Africa, and the EU|40
2|1.5 Conclusion|45
2|References|46
2|Books and Articles|46
2|SCOTUS Cases|52
2|CC Case|52
2|ECJ Cases|52
2|Documents Related to Brexit|52
2|Further Reading|53
1|2 Foreign Policy Analysis|54
2|Abstract|54
2|2.1 Introduction|55
2|2.2 FPA as a Research Tool|58
2|2.3 New Circumstances Demanding the Attention of FPA|61
2|2.4 National Security and FPA|63
2|2.5 Influence of Domestic Affairs on FPA|65
2|2.6 Impact of the Legislature|69
2|2.7 European Perspectives on FPA|71
2|2.8 Presence of Non-State Actors|74
2|2.9 New Actors in FPA|75
2|2.10 Repacking the FPA Toolbox|76
2|2.11 Conclusion|80
2|References|82
2|Books and Articles|82
2|SCOTUS Cases|86
2|European Union Document|86
2|Newspapers|86
2|Further Reading|86
1|United States of America|89
1|3 SCOTUS (Segment A)|90
2|Abstract|90
2|3.1 Introduction|91
2|3.2 Constitutional Structure|91
2|3.3 Evolution of SCOTUS’s Four Historical Eras|94
2|3.4 Recognition of Congressional Involvement in Foreign Affairs|97
2|3.5 Framing of the Constitution—Foreign Affairs and Judicial Content with Their Implications|98
3|3.5.1 Introduction|98
3|3.5.2 Constitutional Convention|99
4|3.5.2.1 Introduction|99
4|3.5.2.2 International Environment at the Time of the Convention|101
4|3.5.2.3 The New Constitution|102
2|3.6 Foreign Affairs Powers Granted to the Legislative Branch|104
3|3.6.1 Specific Powers Granted to Congress|104
3|3.6.2 Specific Powers Granted Solely to the Senate|105
2|3.7 Constitutional Interpretations of These Powers by SCOTUS|105
3|3.7.1 Introduction|105
3|3.7.2 Powers Granted to Congress|107
3|3.7.3 Powers Granted Solely to the Senate|111
4|3.7.3.1 Approval of Treaties|111
4|3.7.3.2 Executive Agreements in Lieu of Treaties|112
4|3.7.3.3 Approval of Nominations|114
2|3.8 Doctrines Applied by SCOTUS in Cases Involving Foreign Affairs|114
3|3.8.1 Judicial Review|114
4|3.8.1.1 Debate at the Constitutional Convention|114
4|3.8.1.2 Judicial Review and Marbury v. Madison|115
3|3.8.2 Political Question Doctrine|116
4|3.8.2.1 Introduction|116
4|3.8.2.2 Application of the Political Question Doctrine|119
3|3.8.3 Act of State Doctrine|123
3|3.8.4 Sovereign Immunity|125
4|3.8.4.1 Introduction|125
4|3.8.4.2 The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976|127
4|3.8.4.3 The Task of Determining Immunity|129
4|3.8.4.4 Four Recent Cases Involving Sovereign Immunity|131
3|3.8.5 The State Secrets Doctrine|137
3|3.8.6 The Charming Betsy Canon|138
3|3.8.7 Deference to the Executive|139
4|3.8.7.1 Introduction|139
4|3.8.7.2 United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp|142
2|3.9 Involvement of US States in Foreign Affairs|153
2|3.10 Conclusion|154
2|References|155
2|Books and Articles|155
2|SCOTUS Briefs|161
2|SCOTUS Cases|161
2|SCOTUS Oral Arguments|162
2|SCOTUS Petitions|162
2|Federal Statutes|163
2|International Court of Justice Case|163
2|Other Documents|163
2|Further Reading|163
1|4 SCOTUS (Segment B)|167
2|Abstract|167
2|4.1 Introduction|168
2|4.2 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer|170
3|4.2.1 Introduction|170
3|4.2.2 The Decision|171
3|4.2.3 Reaction to and Evaluation of the Decision|176
2|4.3 Human Rights Cases Decided by SCOTUS|180
3|4.3.1 Introduction|180
3|4.3.2 Breard v. Greene|180
3|4.3.3 Medellín v. Texas|181
4|4.3.3.1 Background|181
4|4.3.3.2 The Decision|182
3|4.3.4 Humberto Leal Garcia v. Texas|184
4|4.3.4.1 Background|184
4|4.3.4.2 Arguments Advanced by the Executive Branch|184
4|4.3.4.3 The Decision|185
2|4.4 Detainee Cases and Their Human Rights Implications|186
3|4.4.1 Introduction|186
3|4.4.2 Guantánamo Bay Prison|188
3|4.4.3 Rasul v. Bush|190
3|4.4.4 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld|192
3|4.4.5 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld|194
3|4.4.6 Boumediene v. Bush|197
2|4.5 Conclusion|201
2|References|204
2|Books and Articles|204
2|SCOTUS Briefs|206
2|SCOTUS Cases|206
2|SCOTUS Oral Arguments|207
2|SCOTUS Orders|207
2|Federal Statute|207
2|International Court of Justice Cases|207
2|Newspapers|207
2|Other Documents|208
2|Further Reading|208
1|5 SCOTUS (Segment C)|209
2|Abstract|209
2|5.1 Introduction|210
2|5.2 Alien Tort Statute of 1789|211
3|5.2.1 Introduction|211
3|5.2.2 Filártiga v. Peña-Irala|213
3|5.2.3 Different Applications of the Alien Tort Statute|215
3|5.2.4 SCOTUS and the Alien Tort Statute Cases|217
4|5.2.4.1 Introduction|217
4|5.2.4.2 Sosa v. Humberto Alvarez-Machain|218
4|5.2.4.3 Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.|220
4|5.2.4.4 RJR Nabisco v. European Community|234
4|5.2.4.5 Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC|236
2|5.3 Mark Sokolow, et al. v. Palestine Liberation Organization and Palestinian Authority|246
3|5.3.1 Introduction|246
3|5.3.2 Briefs Submitted|246
3|5.3.3 The Decision|247
2|5.4 Conclusion|247
2|References|248
2|Books and Articles|248
2|SCOTUS Briefs|251
2|SCOTUS Cases|252
2|SCOTUS Oral Arguments|252
2|SCOTUS Petition|252
2|US Federal Court Case|252
2|US Federal Statutes|252
2|Newspaper|252
2|Other Documents|252
2|Further Reading|253
1|6 SCOTUS (Segment D)|254
2|Abstract|254
2|6.1 Recent SCOTUS Decisions Involving Foreign Affairs|255
3|6.1.1 Introduction|255
3|6.1.2 Zivotofsky v. Clinton and Zivotofsky v. Kerry|257
4|6.1.2.1 Introduction|257
4|6.1.2.2 Zivotofsky v. Clinton|257
4|6.1.2.3 Zivotofsky v. Kerry|262
3|6.1.3 Central Bank of Iran v. Peterson|269
3|6.1.4 Cases Resulting from President Trump’s Travel Bans|269
4|6.1.4.1 Introduction|269
4|6.1.4.2 Trump v. International Refugee Assistance Project and Trump v. Hawaii|271
4|6.1.4.3 Relevancy of Previous Cases on Immigration|277
3|6.1.5 President Trump’s Asylum Ban|279
3|6.1.6 Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project|281
2|6.2 Significance of Amici Curiae|283
3|6.2.1 Introduction|283
3|6.2.2 Background|284
3|6.2.3 Importance of Briefs Addressing Foreign Affairs Issues|286
3|6.2.4 Selection of Briefs|287
4|6.2.4.1 Briefs in Sosa v. Humberto Alvarez-Machain|288
4|6.2.4.2 Briefs in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co|288
4|6.2.4.3 Reaction of the Court|290
3|6.2.5 Assessment of the Briefs Filed by the George W. Bush Administration in ATS Cases|290
2|6.3 Growing Distrust in the Executive|292
2|6.4 Conclusion|294
2|6.5 Summation of SCOTUS’s Involvement in Foreign Affairs|295
2|References|302
2|Books and Articles|302
2|SCOTUS Application|304
2|SCOTUS Briefs|304
2|SCOTUS Cases|305
2|SCOTUS Oral Arguments|305
2|SCOTUS Orders|306
2|SCOTUS Other Documents|306
2|US Federal Court Case|306
2|Federal Statutes|306
2|Newspaper|306
2|Other Documents|306
2|Further Reading|306
1|South Africa|308
1|7 South Africa—Constitutional Court and Supreme Court of Appeal|309
2|Abstract|309
2|7.1 Introduction|310
2|7.2 Human Rights and South Africa’s Foreign Policy|310
2|7.3 Cases Involving Foreign Affairs|311
3|7.3.1 National Commissioner of the South African Police Service (SAPS) and the Southern African Human Rights Litigation Centre|311
4|7.3.1.1 Introduction|311
4|7.3.1.2 The Decision of the SCA|312
4|7.3.1.3 The Decision of the CC|312
3|7.3.2 Kaunda and Others v. President of the Republic of South Africa|314
4|7.3.2.1 Introduction|314
4|7.3.2.2 Decision of the CC|314
3|7.3.3 Von Abo v. President of the Republic of South Africa|316
3|7.3.4 Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe v. Fick|317
3|7.3.5 President Al-Bashir and the International Criminal Court|318
4|7.3.5.1 Introduction|318
4|7.3.5.2 Refusal to Adhere to the Arrest Warrants Issued by the ICC|319
4|7.3.5.3 Involvement of the SCA|320
4|7.3.5.4 Notice to Withdraw from the Rome Statute|321
3|7.3.6 S. v. Okah|327
3|7.3.7 Law Society of South Africa v. President of the Republic of South Africa|329
4|7.3.7.1 Introduction|329
4|7.3.7.2 Decision of the North Gauteng Division of the High Court|329
4|7.3.7.3 Decision of the CC|332
2|7.4 Significance of Amici Curiae|335
2|7.5 Conclusion|337
2|References|337
2|Books and Articles|337
2|Constitutional Court Cases|338
2|Supreme Court of Appeal Cases|339
2|High Courts of South Africa Cases|339
2|Other Documents|339
2|Further Reading|340
1|European Court of Justice|341
1|8 European Court of Justice (Segment A)|342
2|Abstract|342
2|8.1 Introduction|343
2|8.2 Foreign Affairs of the EU and Its Judicialisation|344
2|8.3 The ECJ and Its Powers and Functions in Foreign Affairs|346
3|8.3.1 Promotion of European Integration in an Enlarged Union|348
3|8.3.2 The ECJ and the EU Treaties|350
3|8.3.3 The ECJ and Trade|357
2|8.4 Case Studies|359
3|8.4.1 Introduction|359
3|8.4.2 Yassin Kadi and the Al Barakaat Foundation|359
4|8.4.2.1 Introduction|359
4|8.4.2.2 Kadi and the Foundation in the Context of the Events of 9/11|361
4|8.4.2.3 Response by the EU to UNSC Resolutions and by Kadi and the Al Barakaat Foundation to EU Regulations|363
4|8.4.2.4 Four Kadi Rulings|363
4|8.4.2.5 Significance of the Kadi Rulings|366
3|8.4.3 Final Perspectives on the Kadi Rulings|371
2|8.5 Absence of Amici Curiae in the ECJ System|373
2|References|373
2|Books and Articles|373
2|ECJ Court Cases|378
2|Opinions by the Advocate General of the ECJ|378
2|Press Release Issued by the ECJ|379
2|EU Council Document|379
2|UN Security Council Resolutions|379
2|Newspaper|379
2|Further Reading|379
1|9 European Court of Justice (Segment B)|382
2|Abstract|382
2|9.1 Introduction|383
2|9.2 Case Studies|383
3|9.2.1 NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v. Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration and Flaminio Costa v. E.N.E.L|383
3|9.2.2 Rewe-Zentral AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein (Cassis de Dijon case)|384
3|9.2.3 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)|385
3|9.2.4 EU-USA Counterterrorism Agreement|386
3|9.2.5 PJSC Rosneft Oil Company v. Her Majesty’s Treasury and Others|386
3|9.2.6 Immigration|387
3|9.2.7 Maximillian Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner|389
3|9.2.8 Morocco and Western Sahara (Polisario Front)|390
3|9.2.9 Two Cases Involving Iranian Banks|391
3|9.2.10 Agreement Between Canada and the European Union|391
3|9.2.11 Consequences of Russian Involvement in Ukraine|392
3|9.2.12 Council of the European Union v. Hamas|393
3|9.2.13 Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) v. Council of the European Union|394
2|9.3 Conclusion|395
2|References|396
2|Books and Articles|396
2|ECJ Court Cases|397
2|ECJ Case Opinion|398
2|Opinions by the Advocate General of the ECJ|398
2|Press Releases Issued by the ECJ|398
2|Press Releases Issued by the European Commission|398
2|EU Council Document|398
2|SCOTUS Case|399
2|SA High Court Case|399
2|UN Security Council Resolutions|399
2|Newspaper|399
2|Other Documents|399
1|10 European Court of Justice (Segment C)|400
2|Abstract|400
2|10.1 Introductionto the UK and Brexit—No ECJ|401
2|10.2 UK Resentment of the ECJ|404
2|10.3 Reasons for this Resentment|404
3|10.3.1 Introduction|404
3|10.3.2 Issue of Deportation from the UK|405
3|10.3.3 ECJ Decision of 21 December 2016|405
3|10.3.4 EU and the Singapore Free Trade Agreement|406
2|10.4 Constructing the UK’s Future with the EU|408
3|10.4.1 Introduction|408
3|10.4.2 UK Proposals for a New Relationship with the EU|408
3|10.4.3 Supreme Court Judgment in Miller Case|409
3|10.4.4 Official Notification of Withdrawal Conveyed to the EU|409
3|10.4.5 First White Paper|410
3|10.4.6 European Union Withdrawal Bill|411
3|10.4.7 Position of European Citizens in the UK and UK Citizens in the EU After Brexit|412
3|10.4.8 European Arrest Warrants|414
2|10.5 Second White Paper|416
3|10.5.1 Prelude|416
3|10.5.2 White Paper Presented to Parliament|418
3|10.5.3 Reaction to References to the ECJ in the White Paper|419
3|10.5.4 Reaction to the Overall Package of Proposals Presented by PM May|423
2|10.6 Comments by the Legal Establishment in the UK Prior to the Withdrawal Agreement Reached with the EU in November 2018|427
2|10.7 Relevance of Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty on European Union|428
2|10.8 Withdrawal Agreement Reached with the EU in November 2018 and Its Aftermath|431
3|10.8.1 Introduction|431
3|10.8.2 Withdrawal Agreement|433
3|10.8.3 Political Declaration|434
3|10.8.4 Inclusion of the ECJ in the Withdrawal Agreement|434
3|10.8.5 Legal Review of the Withdrawal Agreement|436
3|10.8.6 The Aftermath and Political Fallout|437
2|10.9 Conclusion|438
2|10.10 Summation of the ECJ and Its Involvement in Foreign Affairs|440
2|References|441
2|Books and Articles|441
2|ECJ Court Cases|445
2|High Court of SA Case|445
2|Supreme Court of the UK Case|445
2|Court of Session Inner House of Scotland Case|445
2|Opinions by the Advocate General of the ECJ|446
2|Press Releases Issued by the ECJ|446
2|Press Release Issued by the EU Council|446
2|Documents of the EU Council|446
2|Documents Related to Brexit|446
2|Newspapers and Periodicals|447
2|Further Reading|447
1|Conclusion|449
1|11 Concluding Remarks|450
2|Abstract|450
2|11.1 Achieving the Purpose of the Study and the Benefit to Foreign Policy Analysis|451
2|11.2 United States of America|454
2|11.3 South Africa|458
2|11.4 European Court of Justice|458
2|11.5 Concluding Summary|460
2|References|461
2|Books and Articles|461
2|SCOTUS Cases|462
2|ECJ Case|462
1|Index|463