File #2360: "2018_Book_EuropeanDemocraticInstitutions.pdf"
Text
1|Contents|5
1|Introduction|7
2|1 The Crisis, Its Causes, Its Effects|8
2|2 The ``Map´´ of the ``Reforms´´ and Their Effects|10
2|3 The ``Reforms´´ of the Organization and of the Functioning of Democratic Institutions|11
2|4 The Relationship Between Executive Branches and Elective Parliaments|11
2|5 The Technical Governments|12
2|6 The Policies Concerning Public Personnel|13
2|7 The Reforms of Local Governments|13
2|8 The ``Reform´´ of the Welfare State|18
3|8.1 The Intergenerational Effects of Austerity Measures|18
3|8.2 The Direct Reduction of Social Rights|19
2|9 The ``Reforms´´ of Public Action Tools|20
2|10 Some General Trends|22
2|11 The Reduction of the Public Sphere|23
2|12 Privatization|24
2|13 The Reduction of the Government´s Capacity|25
2|14 Looking for Solutions. The (Unsolvable?) Dilemma Between Returning to State Sovereignty and Strengthening the European Union|25
2|15 More Sovereignty to the Member States|26
2|16 More Europe|27
2|Reference|28
1|Part I: Economic Crisis and Institutions|29
2|The Crisis and Political Decision-Making Processes: The Impact on European Constitutional Systems|30
3|1 Introduction, Methodology and Summary|31
3|2 The Crisis and the European Union|35
4|2.1 The Impact on the EU´s Institutional Relations|36
5|2.1.1 Complexity|37
5|2.1.2 New Intergovernmental Method (Intergovernmentalism)|37
5|2.1.3 Executivism|38
5|2.1.4 Proceduralization and Destructuring of the System of Sources of Law|39
5|2.1.5 Asymmetry and Equality Between MSs|40
4|2.2 The Repercussions Upon the ``European Constitution´´ and Some Brief Conclusions|42
3|3 Economic Crisis and National Constitutional Systems|44
4|3.1 The Impact of the Crisis on Political Systems|44
4|3.2 The Impact of the Crisis on Constitutional Systems|46
4|3.3 Implementing the Principle of the ``Balanced Budget´´|47
5|3.3.1 France|49
5|3.3.2 Constitutional Amendments in Slovenia, Spain and Italy|51
4|3.4 Consequences and Doubts|55
3|4 Final Note|58
3|References|60
2|Technical Governments and Technical Experts in the Governments|65
3|1 Introduction|66
3|2 Technical Expertise and Technocracy|66
3|3 The Comparative Framework in European Union´s Member States|69
3|4 Technical Governments in Italy: Peculiarities of the Monti Government|73
3|5 Technical Experts in the Governments: The Experiences of Greece and Italy in Particular|79
3|6 Regional Ministers in Italy|81
3|7 Conclusions|82
3|References|83
2|Impact of the Crisis on Public Sector Employment: A Change of Perspective|85
3|1 Introduction|86
3|2 The Three Aspects of Public Labor Interested by the Economic Crisis|86
3|3 The Starting Point|88
3|4 Materials and Methods|89
3|5 What Data Emerging from Research Tell Us|89
3|6 Focusing on the Italian Case|92
3|7 Austerity from a Different Perspective, Through the Lenses of the Public Sector´s Employment Policies|95
3|References|98
2|Transformations and Innovations of Territorial Autonomies in the Aftermath of the Economic Crisis|100
3|1 Late Twentieth Century Trends: Decentralization and Regionalization|101
3|2 Economic Crisis and Local Government Reforms. The Role of the European Union|102
3|3 Crisis and New Forms of Territorial Government|104
3|4 Looking for Cooperation: The Aggregation of Municipalities|106
3|5 Small Municipalities and the Crisis: Merging As the Alternative|107
3|6 The Impact of the Crisis on the Region´s Administrative Functions|110
3|7 The Impact of the Crisis on Local Administrative Functions|112
3|8 The Workforce in the Reorganisation of Provinces: The Principle of Autonomy and the Balance of Public Budget|115
3|9 The Impact of the Crisis on Indirect Administration: Local Economic Enterprises and Other Indirect Local Administration Bodi...|116
3|10 From the External Control on Territorial Authorities to the ``Rating´´ Paradigm. The Financial Crisis and New Relationships...|117
3|11 Final Notes|120
3|References|121
1|Part II: Economic Crisis and Social Rights|124
2|The Function of Redistribution Between Crisis and Inclusion|125
3|1 Introduction|126
3|2 Public Debt and Redistribution Between Generations|127
4|2.1 Regulation of the Financial Activity of Public Administration|130
4|2.2 EU Rules|132
3|3 Redistribution and Equalization Between Infra-National Levels of Government|134
4|3.1 Redistribution and Equalization at the EU Level|140
3|4 Indemnities|144
3|5 Territorial and Urban Development|147
3|6 Public Contracts|149
3|References|150
2|Constitutional Law and Social Welfare After the Economic Crisis|151
3|1 Introduction|152
3|2 The Selection of Case Studies|153
4|2.1 Social Welfare Traditions|153
4|2.2 Impact of the Crisis on National Economies|154
4|2.3 Legal Traditions in Relation to Social Rights|156
3|3 Main Case Study Findings|157
4|3.1 Germany|157
4|3.2 The United Kingdom|159
4|3.3 France|162
4|3.4 Spain|163
4|3.5 Italy|165
3|4 Social Welfare, Constitutionalism and Austerity|168
3|References|170
2|Rights in Times of Crisis: Considerations on Security, Migrations and Inclusive Citizenship|171
3|1 Introduction|172
3|2 The Acknowledgment of Rights to the ``Non-citizens´´|173
3|3 The Right Not to Be Criminalized: A Way to Access Other Rights|175
3|4 In Particular: The Crime of Illegal Immigration and Its Problematic ``Disappearance´´|177
3|5 Rights to ``Non-citizens´´: A Contribution to Security?|180
3|6 Towards a New Regulation of Citizenship|184
3|7 Towards an Intercultural and Inclusive Citizenship|186
3|8 Evolutionary Interpretation of Fundamental Principles of the Italian Constitution|188
3|References|190
2|Social Rights and the Economic and Financial Crisis. Problems and Perspectives|196
3|1 Reasons for a Research on the Effectiveness of Fundamental Social Rights and the Economic and Financial Crisis|197
3|2 Financial Autonomy and the Economic and Financial Crisis in the Current Global Context: Finding Resources, the Sovereign Deb...|202
3|3 Economic Automatism and Political Choices in the Relationship Between Rights, Resources and Institutions|205
3|4 Constitutional Transformations, Social Rights and the Financial Crisis of the Public Apparatuses|209
3|5 The Economic and Financial Crisis and Social Rights: The Concrete Implications on Education, Health and Social Care|213
3|6 The Effects of the Economic Crisis and of Financial Recovery Constraints on the Territorial Forms of the State|216
3|7 Guarantee of Rights and Legal Uncertainty in the Economic and Financial Crisis|222
3|8 Concluding Remarks|225
3|References|226
2|The Administrative Architecture of Financial Integration|228
3|1 Purpose|228
3|2 A Four-Layer Framework|229
3|3 The Need for an Administrative Law Inquiry|230
3|4 The Main Features of the New EU Framework|231
3|5 Three Implications|236
3|References|238
1|Part III: Economic Crisis and Tools of Government|240
2|Administrative Simplification As an Instrument for Coping with the Economic Crisis|241
3|1 Introduction|242
3|2 Regulatory Simplification and Procedural Simplification|243
3|3 The Italian Experience|246
3|4 The Experience of Neighbouring Countries|247
3|5 Problems of Administrative Simplification and Possible Solutions|249
3|6 In Particular: The Problems of Administrative Simplification in the Italian Experience|250
3|7 Simplification and Administrative Accountability|252
3|8 The French Experience of Administrative Simplification|253
3|9 Administrative Simplification in Spain|257
3|References|261
2|Administrative Cooperation in the Public Contracts and Service Sectors for the Progress of European Integration|264
3|1 Administrative Cooperation for the Progress of European Integration|265
3|2 The New Provisions on In-House Providing and the European Public Administrations|272
3|3 The New Legal Framework on Cooperation among Public Administrations in Europe|276
3|4 The Legal Framework for Cooperation Agreements Among Contracting Authorities of Different Member States for the Award and Ex...|278
3|5 The European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC) Among Contracting Authorities or Public Authorities for Efficiency, ...|285
3|References|290
2|Taking Care of Commons to Tackle the Financial Crisis|296
3|1 The Attempts to Tackle the Crisis and the Importance of Commons|297
3|2 Commons in Modern Legal Systems|299
4|2.1 The International Framework|300
4|2.2 The EU Framework|301
4|2.3 The Italian Legal System|303
3|3 The Distinctive Features of Commons|305
4|3.1 Capability to Satisfy Essential Needs|306
4|3.2 Non-excludability and Accessibility|306
4|3.3 Characterized by ``Subctractability´´ and Rivalry with Regard to Utilization|307
4|3.4 Referred to a ``Communal Dimension´´|308
4|3.5 Beyond the Traditional Dichotomy Between Private and Public|309
4|3.6 Usable (Even) in Absence of Property|310
4|3.7 Far from the Market Approach|311
4|3.8 To Be Managed Through a Responsible Utilization|313
3|4 The Management of Commons|313
3|5 Commons As Strategic Resources to Tackle the Crisis|316
3|References|317
1|Introduction|7
2|1 The Crisis, Its Causes, Its Effects|8
2|2 The ``Map´´ of the ``Reforms´´ and Their Effects|10
2|3 The ``Reforms´´ of the Organization and of the Functioning of Democratic Institutions|11
2|4 The Relationship Between Executive Branches and Elective Parliaments|11
2|5 The Technical Governments|12
2|6 The Policies Concerning Public Personnel|13
2|7 The Reforms of Local Governments|13
2|8 The ``Reform´´ of the Welfare State|18
3|8.1 The Intergenerational Effects of Austerity Measures|18
3|8.2 The Direct Reduction of Social Rights|19
2|9 The ``Reforms´´ of Public Action Tools|20
2|10 Some General Trends|22
2|11 The Reduction of the Public Sphere|23
2|12 Privatization|24
2|13 The Reduction of the Government´s Capacity|25
2|14 Looking for Solutions. The (Unsolvable?) Dilemma Between Returning to State Sovereignty and Strengthening the European Union|25
2|15 More Sovereignty to the Member States|26
2|16 More Europe|27
2|Reference|28
1|Part I: Economic Crisis and Institutions|29
2|The Crisis and Political Decision-Making Processes: The Impact on European Constitutional Systems|30
3|1 Introduction, Methodology and Summary|31
3|2 The Crisis and the European Union|35
4|2.1 The Impact on the EU´s Institutional Relations|36
5|2.1.1 Complexity|37
5|2.1.2 New Intergovernmental Method (Intergovernmentalism)|37
5|2.1.3 Executivism|38
5|2.1.4 Proceduralization and Destructuring of the System of Sources of Law|39
5|2.1.5 Asymmetry and Equality Between MSs|40
4|2.2 The Repercussions Upon the ``European Constitution´´ and Some Brief Conclusions|42
3|3 Economic Crisis and National Constitutional Systems|44
4|3.1 The Impact of the Crisis on Political Systems|44
4|3.2 The Impact of the Crisis on Constitutional Systems|46
4|3.3 Implementing the Principle of the ``Balanced Budget´´|47
5|3.3.1 France|49
5|3.3.2 Constitutional Amendments in Slovenia, Spain and Italy|51
4|3.4 Consequences and Doubts|55
3|4 Final Note|58
3|References|60
2|Technical Governments and Technical Experts in the Governments|65
3|1 Introduction|66
3|2 Technical Expertise and Technocracy|66
3|3 The Comparative Framework in European Union´s Member States|69
3|4 Technical Governments in Italy: Peculiarities of the Monti Government|73
3|5 Technical Experts in the Governments: The Experiences of Greece and Italy in Particular|79
3|6 Regional Ministers in Italy|81
3|7 Conclusions|82
3|References|83
2|Impact of the Crisis on Public Sector Employment: A Change of Perspective|85
3|1 Introduction|86
3|2 The Three Aspects of Public Labor Interested by the Economic Crisis|86
3|3 The Starting Point|88
3|4 Materials and Methods|89
3|5 What Data Emerging from Research Tell Us|89
3|6 Focusing on the Italian Case|92
3|7 Austerity from a Different Perspective, Through the Lenses of the Public Sector´s Employment Policies|95
3|References|98
2|Transformations and Innovations of Territorial Autonomies in the Aftermath of the Economic Crisis|100
3|1 Late Twentieth Century Trends: Decentralization and Regionalization|101
3|2 Economic Crisis and Local Government Reforms. The Role of the European Union|102
3|3 Crisis and New Forms of Territorial Government|104
3|4 Looking for Cooperation: The Aggregation of Municipalities|106
3|5 Small Municipalities and the Crisis: Merging As the Alternative|107
3|6 The Impact of the Crisis on the Region´s Administrative Functions|110
3|7 The Impact of the Crisis on Local Administrative Functions|112
3|8 The Workforce in the Reorganisation of Provinces: The Principle of Autonomy and the Balance of Public Budget|115
3|9 The Impact of the Crisis on Indirect Administration: Local Economic Enterprises and Other Indirect Local Administration Bodi...|116
3|10 From the External Control on Territorial Authorities to the ``Rating´´ Paradigm. The Financial Crisis and New Relationships...|117
3|11 Final Notes|120
3|References|121
1|Part II: Economic Crisis and Social Rights|124
2|The Function of Redistribution Between Crisis and Inclusion|125
3|1 Introduction|126
3|2 Public Debt and Redistribution Between Generations|127
4|2.1 Regulation of the Financial Activity of Public Administration|130
4|2.2 EU Rules|132
3|3 Redistribution and Equalization Between Infra-National Levels of Government|134
4|3.1 Redistribution and Equalization at the EU Level|140
3|4 Indemnities|144
3|5 Territorial and Urban Development|147
3|6 Public Contracts|149
3|References|150
2|Constitutional Law and Social Welfare After the Economic Crisis|151
3|1 Introduction|152
3|2 The Selection of Case Studies|153
4|2.1 Social Welfare Traditions|153
4|2.2 Impact of the Crisis on National Economies|154
4|2.3 Legal Traditions in Relation to Social Rights|156
3|3 Main Case Study Findings|157
4|3.1 Germany|157
4|3.2 The United Kingdom|159
4|3.3 France|162
4|3.4 Spain|163
4|3.5 Italy|165
3|4 Social Welfare, Constitutionalism and Austerity|168
3|References|170
2|Rights in Times of Crisis: Considerations on Security, Migrations and Inclusive Citizenship|171
3|1 Introduction|172
3|2 The Acknowledgment of Rights to the ``Non-citizens´´|173
3|3 The Right Not to Be Criminalized: A Way to Access Other Rights|175
3|4 In Particular: The Crime of Illegal Immigration and Its Problematic ``Disappearance´´|177
3|5 Rights to ``Non-citizens´´: A Contribution to Security?|180
3|6 Towards a New Regulation of Citizenship|184
3|7 Towards an Intercultural and Inclusive Citizenship|186
3|8 Evolutionary Interpretation of Fundamental Principles of the Italian Constitution|188
3|References|190
2|Social Rights and the Economic and Financial Crisis. Problems and Perspectives|196
3|1 Reasons for a Research on the Effectiveness of Fundamental Social Rights and the Economic and Financial Crisis|197
3|2 Financial Autonomy and the Economic and Financial Crisis in the Current Global Context: Finding Resources, the Sovereign Deb...|202
3|3 Economic Automatism and Political Choices in the Relationship Between Rights, Resources and Institutions|205
3|4 Constitutional Transformations, Social Rights and the Financial Crisis of the Public Apparatuses|209
3|5 The Economic and Financial Crisis and Social Rights: The Concrete Implications on Education, Health and Social Care|213
3|6 The Effects of the Economic Crisis and of Financial Recovery Constraints on the Territorial Forms of the State|216
3|7 Guarantee of Rights and Legal Uncertainty in the Economic and Financial Crisis|222
3|8 Concluding Remarks|225
3|References|226
2|The Administrative Architecture of Financial Integration|228
3|1 Purpose|228
3|2 A Four-Layer Framework|229
3|3 The Need for an Administrative Law Inquiry|230
3|4 The Main Features of the New EU Framework|231
3|5 Three Implications|236
3|References|238
1|Part III: Economic Crisis and Tools of Government|240
2|Administrative Simplification As an Instrument for Coping with the Economic Crisis|241
3|1 Introduction|242
3|2 Regulatory Simplification and Procedural Simplification|243
3|3 The Italian Experience|246
3|4 The Experience of Neighbouring Countries|247
3|5 Problems of Administrative Simplification and Possible Solutions|249
3|6 In Particular: The Problems of Administrative Simplification in the Italian Experience|250
3|7 Simplification and Administrative Accountability|252
3|8 The French Experience of Administrative Simplification|253
3|9 Administrative Simplification in Spain|257
3|References|261
2|Administrative Cooperation in the Public Contracts and Service Sectors for the Progress of European Integration|264
3|1 Administrative Cooperation for the Progress of European Integration|265
3|2 The New Provisions on In-House Providing and the European Public Administrations|272
3|3 The New Legal Framework on Cooperation among Public Administrations in Europe|276
3|4 The Legal Framework for Cooperation Agreements Among Contracting Authorities of Different Member States for the Award and Ex...|278
3|5 The European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC) Among Contracting Authorities or Public Authorities for Efficiency, ...|285
3|References|290
2|Taking Care of Commons to Tackle the Financial Crisis|296
3|1 The Attempts to Tackle the Crisis and the Importance of Commons|297
3|2 Commons in Modern Legal Systems|299
4|2.1 The International Framework|300
4|2.2 The EU Framework|301
4|2.3 The Italian Legal System|303
3|3 The Distinctive Features of Commons|305
4|3.1 Capability to Satisfy Essential Needs|306
4|3.2 Non-excludability and Accessibility|306
4|3.3 Characterized by ``Subctractability´´ and Rivalry with Regard to Utilization|307
4|3.4 Referred to a ``Communal Dimension´´|308
4|3.5 Beyond the Traditional Dichotomy Between Private and Public|309
4|3.6 Usable (Even) in Absence of Property|310
4|3.7 Far from the Market Approach|311
4|3.8 To Be Managed Through a Responsible Utilization|313
3|4 The Management of Commons|313
3|5 Commons As Strategic Resources to Tackle the Crisis|316
3|References|317