File #2277: "2018_Book_FoodDiversityBetweenRightsDuti.pdf"
Text
1|Introduction|6
1|Contents|8
1|About the Editors and Contributors|11
1|Part I: Food Diversity, Agrobiodiversity and Typicality: Territories, Tourism, Rural Development|16
2|A Comprehensive and Participatory Approach to the Valorisation of Biodiverse Products|17
3|1 Introduction|17
3|2 Preserving and Enhancing Agro-Biodiversity|18
4|2.1 Building and Recognising Values of Biodiversity|19
4|2.2 The Role of Cultural and Social Dynamics|21
4|2.3 The Approach to the Agro-Biodiversity Management|23
4|2.4 The Potential of Market Valorisation of Biodiverse Food|25
4|2.5 The Role of the Political Framework|26
3|3 A Comprehensive Approach to Preserving and Enhancing Agro-Biodiversity: Diversifood|29
4|3.1 The Approach of DIVERSIFOOD|30
3|4 Some Final Remarks|33
3|References|34
2|Remarks on Integrated Production (IP), Different Agricultural Systems and Coordinating Groups|37
3|1 The Definition of Integrated Production and Its Regulation: The Problem of Shared Failure|37
3|2 Relations Between the Different Production Chains in Light of the Principle of Coexistence|41
3|3 The Regulation of Integrated Production in Italy|43
3|4 Committee on Integrated Production and the Technical Scientific Body on Integrated Production Compared: Emergence of a Stron...|45
3|5 Conclusions|47
3|References|48
2|Genetically Modified Organisms as Politicizing Products?|50
3|1 Introduction|50
3|2 Contextualization of Biotechnology: A Spatial Reorganization of Food Production|52
3|3 The De-Territorialization of Food Production|53
4|3.1 Separation of Agriculture from Its Agro-Ecological Environment|53
4|3.2 Separation of Agriculture and Food Production|54
4|3.3 Uncoupling of Agricultural Products from Their Intrinsic Nutritional Quality|55
3|4 Biopower Through the Politicization of Biotechnological Products|56
3|5 Biopolitics and the Development of Tailor-Made Biotechnologies (TMBT)|59
4|5.1 Reuniting the Elements Separated in the Biopower System|59
4|5.2 Rivitalizing Place-Oriented Developments|61
4|5.3 Creation of Maneuver Space in the Complex Organization of Knowledge Production|62
4|5.4 Restoring Agency|63
3|6 Some Reflexive Remarks|65
3|References|67
2|Agroecology and Geographical Indications at the WTO and in the EU Between Magic and Rationality: `Reinventing´ Marketing Desig...|69
3|1 Introduction. Good Fate of `Agroecology´ and the `Rediscovery of the Law of Geographical Indications´. Scope of This Inquiry...|69
3|2 Common Assumptions Between Agro-Ecology and GIs Theory: Cultural and Environmental Value of Traditional Agriculture|72
3|3 Debate at the WTO and in the EU on the strenghtening of protection: GI Law Protected Interests Between `Trade´ and `Non-Trad...|74
4|3.1 WTO Debate on the `Extension´ of GI Protection and the Establishment of a `Multilateral Register´: GIs as Tools for Econom...|74
4|3.2 GIs Attraction Into the CAP as Instruments for Rural Development and to Protect the Gastronomic Heritage and the Environme...|77
3|4 Criticism. Arguments Against Strengthened Protection for GIs: Alleged Inadequacy in Preserving `Non-Trade Concerns´|79
4|4.1 GI Ineffectiveness as `Income-Generators´ in Face of Decreasing EU Wine World Market Shares. Transformative Effects of `Ma...|79
4|4.2 Criticism to the `Terroir´ Theory on the Background of the `Reality Principle´: GI Products as `Invented Traditions´ and a...|80
3|5 Reconsidering GIs Protected Interests and Functions Through the Lenses of IP Law: Scope of Rights and Expected Effects|81
4|5.1 Dual Nature, Commercial and Cultural, of GI Products. Cultural Protection as `as an end in Itself´|81
4|5.2 Difference in Nature of GI Law: The Distinctive Function as Protection of Producers´ (Reputation) and Consumers´ Interests...|83
4|5.3 How GIs Law Protects `General Interests´: GIs as a Settler of Incentives to protect `Living Traditions´, Fully Subjected t...|84
4|5.4 Elements Suggesting a Direct, Albeit `Incomplete´, Protection of Culture, Tradition, Food Diversity and the Environment: A...|86
3|6 Arguments in Support of GIs Law: EU Wine Agreements and the Establishment of Independent Commercial Identities|88
4|6.1 EU Agreements on trade in wine and the establishment of international reputations for local geographical designations in A...|88
4|6.2 `Rioja´, `Parma´ and `Grana Padano´ at the ECJ: Benefits for Side-Industries, Investments Attraction and `Job-Relocation´ ...|90
3|7 Ambivalent Content of PDOs/PGIs Quality Regulations as Regards Tradition, Food Diversity and the Environment|91
4|7.1 EU Register as an Inventory of Cultural Diversity and TK. Elements for the Preservation of Traditions and the Environment ...|91
4|7.2 Under-Consideration of and Generic or Apodictic Reference to Cultural and Environmental Methods in Quality Regulations|93
3|8 Tendential Lack of `Justiciability´ of Enhanced TK Requirements in EU Law: The Case for `CSR´ or `soft law´?|94
4|8.1 `Historical´ or `Traditional Character´ and `Environment-Friendly Elements´ in PDOs and PGIs Quality Regulations as `Non-S...|94
4|8.2 Enhancing `Cultural and Environmental Added Value´ in GIs: Fostering Normative Integration Through National Law or CSR and...|96
3|9 Conclusions. GI Law as a `Rational Piece of the Institutions of the Market´, Designed to Foster `Quality´, `Culture´ and `Su...|98
3|References|99
2|Food Diversity and Typicality in EU and in Italian Law: Protected Designations of Origin (PDOs); Protected Geographical Indica...|102
3|1 Introduction|102
3|2 From Food Diversity to Food Diversities|105
3|3 Food Typicality. Traditional Food as an Enriched Typical Food|106
3|4 The Context of the Revision of Quality Schemes for European Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs|108
3|5 The Main Novelties Introduced by the Quality Schemes Regulation in Relation to the Rules on PDO and PGI Schemes|110
3|6 The Revision of the TSG Scheme|112
3|7 Concluding Remarks: Is the Quality Schemes Regulation a Panacea for All Its Critics?|116
3|References|119
2|Regional Development of Rural Areas and Promotion of Local Foods: Comparing the EU and US Approach|121
3|1 Introduction|121
3|2 Overview of the EU and US Governance Structures|123
3|3 Comparing the EU and US Approaches|124
4|3.1 Omnibus Farm Policy: The Farm Bill and the CAP Primary Source of Agricultural Policy and Funding|125
3|4 Alternative Programs and Support|127
4|4.1 Flexible Health and Food Safety Regulations|129
4|4.2 Labeling Schemes Promoting Local Foods|131
4|4.3 Public Procurement Targeting Increased Purchase of Local Products|132
4|4.4 Farmers Markets and Other Forms of Direct Marketing|135
4|4.5 Local Mechanisms to Promote Local Food Systems|135
3|5 Conclusions About EU and US Local Food Promotion|137
3|References|138
2|``Short Food Supply Chain´´ and Promotion of Local Food in EU and Italian Law|143
3|1 Introduction|143
3|2 From ``Short´´ to ``Local´´: The Evolution of Policy Support for Food Supply Chains|144
3|3 The Shortening of Food Supply Chains for Social and Collective Objectives. The Case of Farmers´ Markets in Italy|146
3|4 The Definition of Supply Food Chain Within EU Rural Development Policy|148
3|5 Towards an EU Labelling Scheme?|150
3|6 Concluding Remarks|152
3|References|152
2|Rural Development and Food Diversity in France|154
3|1 Introduction|154
3|2 Food Diversity Guaranteed by Rural Development|156
4|2.1 Promotion of Food Diversity|157
4|2.2 Hindering Food Diversity|160
3|3 Rural Development Through Food Diversity|164
4|3.1 Cooperation Among Producers to Ensure Rural Development|165
4|3.2 Rural Development in Cooperation with Consumers|168
3|References|171
2|Regional Quality Labels for Agro-Food Products|172
3|1 Protection of Food Quality and Multilevel Governance|172
3|2 Public Geographic Trademarks and Compatibility with EU and Competition Law|174
3|3 Public Regional Trademarks of Quality and Origin: The Italian Case|177
3|4 Doubts on the Distinctive Function of Regional Trademarks of Quality and Origin|179
3|5 Regional Instruments for Enhancing the Value of Local Products|181
3|References|185
2|Agro-Food Typicality and Cultural Heritage: The Case of the Mediterranean Diet|186
3|1 Introduction|186
3|2 Cultural Heritage and the Code|187
3|3 UNESCO´S Commitment to Safeguard the Intangible Cultural Heritage|189
3|4 Commitment of the Regions in Promoting and Enhancing Intangible Heritage|191
3|5 The Case of the ``Mediterranean Diet´´ as Protection of Tradition and as Model Diet Plan|193
3|6 Conclusion|196
3|References|198
2|The Role of Gastronomy and Typical Foods in the Tourism Experience|199
3|1 Introduction|199
3|2 The Three Main Approaches to Describe the Role of Food at Tourist Destinations|200
4|2.1 Food as a Tourist Attraction and as an Impediment|200
4|2.2 Food´s Role in the Overall Tourism Experience|202
4|2.3 Food and Its Linkages to Overall Tourism Supply|203
3|3 Determining Factors for the Consumption of Local Food at Tourists´ Destinations|204
3|4 The Role of Globalization on Local Food Consumption by Tourists|207
3|5 Conclusions|208
3|References|209
1|Part II: Food Diversity in a Multidimensional Perspective: Food Traditions, Food Security, Right to Food, Market´s Evolutionar...|211
2|Diversity of Food Traditions: A Historical Perspective on Invention and Transformation|212
3|1 Introduction|212
3|2 Between History and Myth: The Invention of Tradition|213
3|3 Food Traditions: The ``Mediterranean Diet´´|215
3|4 The Mediterranean Diet as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|217
3|5 The Damnation of King Midas|220
3|References|221
2|Food Security: A Challenge for a Global Governance|224
3|1 ``Nourish the Planet´´ Beyond the Anthropocentric Vision|224
3|2 The ``Food Security´´ Objective|225
3|3 Unsustainable Nourishment|227
3|4 Consumption Guidance, Markets Governance. The Need for a Global Governance|230
3|5 Security Limits|233
3|References|234
2|Considerations on the Subject of Food Security and Food Safety|235
3|1 Introduction|235
3|2 The Notion of Food Security|236
3|3 The Objective of Food Security/Safety|238
3|4 The System of Food Security/Safety|240
3|5 Food Security/Safety, Subjective Juridical Situations: Instruments, Mechanisms of Protection and Remedies|242
3|References|244
2|Right to Food and ``Tragedy´´ of the Commons|248
3|1 Introductory Notes|248
3|2 The Juridical Significance of the Economic Theories of the Commons|249
3|3 Some Considerations of Constitutional Order|252
3|4 Overview on the Right to Adequate Nutrition|255
3|5 Food and Market|257
3|6 Food and Common Goods|260
3|7 What Can Be Done to Avoid the ``Tragedy´´? Paradoxical Conclusion|263
3|References|266
2|The Constitutional Protection of the Right to Food in Bolivia and Ecuador|269
3|1 A Global Overview of Right to Food|269
4|1.1 International and Constitutional Protection of the Right to Food|269
4|1.2 Food Security|271
3|2 The Right to Food in the Andean ``Nuevo constitucionalismo´´|272
4|2.1 Main Characteristics of the Andean Region|272
4|2.2 Bolivia´s Legislative Framework|274
4|2.3 Food Sovereignty in Ecuador|275
3|3 Final Remarks|277
3|References|278
2|The Impact of Biofuels on the Realization of the Human Right to Food|280
3|1 The Right to Food in International Law|280
3|2 The International Legal Basis of the Human Right to Food|282
3|3 Biofuels: Is the Cure Worse Than the Disease?|285
3|4 Biofuels and EU Law|288
3|5 Biofuels in International Law|290
3|6 Future Prospects of Biofuels Impact on the Human Right to Food|292
3|References|292
2|The Matter ``Alimentation´´ in the Italian Constitution|296
3|1 The (Present) Constitutional Frame of Reference|296
3|2 The Issues of ``Alimentation´´ Included in the Concurrent Competition of the EU Regarding Health Protection|297
3|3 The Subject ``Agriculture´´ in the Italian Constitution|300
3|4 The Interference Between the Subjects ``Alimentation´´ and ``Agriculture´´|301
3|5 Quality as Part of Food Valorisation|303
3|6 The Constitutional Reform in Ongoing Process (``Alimentation´´ and ``Valorisation of Specific Territories´´)|306
3|References|307
2|Consumer Choice as a Pathway to Food Diversity: A Case Study of Açaí Berry Product Labelling|309
3|1 Introduction|309
3|2 Background|311
4|2.1 Methodological Approach|311
4|2.2 Laws That Apply to Açaí Berry Claims|312
3|3 Açaí Berry Case Study|314
4|3.1 Claim 1: Açaí Berry Production Preserves the Amazon|315
4|3.2 Claim 2: Part of Traditional Diets and Informed by Traditional Knowledge|317
4|3.3 Claim 3: Especially and Uniquely Nutritious|318
4|3.4 Claim 4 Açaí Berries Are Fair Trade|319
4|3.5 Claim 5 Açaí Berries Are Organic|320
3|4 Conclusion|322
3|References|322
2|Critical Consumption and Ethical Purchasing Groups (GAS)|325
3|1 Critical Consumption: Legal Framework of the Phenomenon|325
3|2 The Evolution of Consumption and Production Towards Models of Environmental Sustainability Through the Protection of Land an...|327
3|3 Legal Recognition of Ethical Purchasing Groups (GAS) in Law n. 244/2007. Critical Profiles and Legal Perspectives of Protect...|330
3|4 Ethical Purchasing Groups in Light of the Principles of the Italian Constitution. Solidaristic Approach to Operation Within ...|334
4|4.1 The Paradigm of Environmental Solidarity as an Evolving Destination for the Concept of Solidarity Incorporated by the Ital...|337
3|5 Ethical Purchasing Groups and Legal Protection of the Environment, Particularly the ``Principle of Sustainable Solidarity´´|340
3|6 Conclusions|342
3|References|344
2|From Districts to Agricultural Enterprise Networks|347
3|1 Introduction|347
3|2 Rural Districts and Quality Agri-Food Districts|349
3|3 From Production Districts to Enterprise Networks|353
3|4 The Network Contract in Agriculture|357
3|5 Conclusions|363
3|References|364
2|Company Management Oriented Towards Sustainable Development: An Indirect Form of Protection of Food Diversity?|366
3|1 Preface|366
3|2 Sustainable Development and Corporate Social Responsibility|370
3|3 Brief Reflections of Corporate Responsibility and Italian Corporate Law|373
3|4 Tools for Social Responsibility: Ethical Codes|375
3|5 Effectiveness of Ethical Commitments|376
3|6 Social Accounting|379
3|7 Closing Remarks|381
3|References|381
1|Part III: Food Diversity as a Legal Value: Principles, Aspects and Problems|383
2|The Multifaceted Nature of ``Food Diversity´´ as a Life-Related Legal Value|384
3|1 The State of Play|384
3|2 A Reference Paradigm: Social-Ecological Systems (SES) Model|386
3|3 Social-Ecological Systems in the Anthropocene Era: The Transgression of Planetary Boundaries|391
3|4 Life as Fundamental Legal Value: The Binding Duty to Protect Life at the Ecological Scale as a Requirement of Life on the So...|394
3|5 Life, Bio-Cultural Diversity and Food Diversity|396
3|6 Food Diversity as Organic Synthesis of Different Fundamental Legal Values|399
3|7 Conclusion. Food Diversity in the Face of Economic Pressures|405
3|References|406
2|Cultural Heritage, Food Diversity and International Law|417
3|1 Food Diversity and International Law. Two (or Three) Possible Approaches|417
3|2 Cultural Heritage and Cultural Diversity in International Law|419
3|3 The Definition of Intangible Cultural Heritage and Food Diversity|421
4|3.1 The Extrinsic Component of Intangible Cultural Heritage and Food Practices|421
4|3.2 Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Plurality (or Diversity) of Human Communities|422
3|4 Intangible Cultural Heritage Involving Food Practices. A `Descriptive´ Relevance of Food Diversity Within the CSICH Experien...|424
3|5 Agricultural and Culinary Practices Having a Peculiar Importance in the UNESCO Experience|427
4|5.1 Significant Cases of Food Practices Qualified as Intangible Cultural Heritage|427
4|5.2 The Protection of Rural Landscapes Under the 1972 World Heritage Convention|430
3|6 A Proper Legal Function for Food Diversity in International Cultural Law|432
4|6.1 Cultural Heritage and Communities|433
4|6.2 A Distinctive Function for Food Diversity?|433
3|References|436
2|Food Diversity Between Human and Cultural Rights, Food Sovereignty and Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage|437
3|1 Introduction. The Complex Nature of the Right to Food and Its Relationship with Food Diversity|437
3|2 What Protection for a Complex Right? The Debate at International Level Between RtAF (the Human Right to Adequate Food), Food...|440
4|2.1 The RtAF|441
4|2.2 Food Sovereignty|443
4|2.3 Intangible (Incorporeal) Cultural Heritage (Only a Few References)|445
3|3 Constitutional Protection: The Interweaving Between the Protection of the Right to Food, the Protection of Biodiversity, of ...|447
3|4 Conclusions|450
3|References|451
2|Food, Culture and Law: The Terms of an Evolving Relationship|454
3|1 Preliminary Considerations|454
3|2 Solicitation from the International Law|455
3|3 State Choices: The Code of Cultural Heritage|457
3|4 Other Internal Guidelines|460
3|5 Reflections on Cultural Heritage Law|468
3|References|471
2|Food Diversity and Legal Protection of ``Made in Italy´´ Label|473
3|1 Foreword|473
3|2 Relationship Between Food Diversity and Made in Italy|474
3|3 The Promotion of Food Diversity Through the Instrument of Made in Italy|477
3|References|479
2|The Right to Food and Food Diversity in the Italian Constitution|481
3|1 Introduction|481
3|2 The Right to Food in a Laborist Constitution|482
3|3 The ``Discovery´´ of the Right to Food|484
3|4 The Right to Food and Principle of Solidarity|485
3|5 The Duty to Render Effective the Right to Food. The ``Vital Minimum´´|486
3|6 The Duty to Protect the Right to Food. Food Diversity|488
4|6.1 Food Diversity and Culture|489
4|6.2 Food Diversity and Territory|491
3|7 The Role of Regions and Local Authorities|493
3|8 Conclusions|495
3|References|497
1|Contents|8
1|About the Editors and Contributors|11
1|Part I: Food Diversity, Agrobiodiversity and Typicality: Territories, Tourism, Rural Development|16
2|A Comprehensive and Participatory Approach to the Valorisation of Biodiverse Products|17
3|1 Introduction|17
3|2 Preserving and Enhancing Agro-Biodiversity|18
4|2.1 Building and Recognising Values of Biodiversity|19
4|2.2 The Role of Cultural and Social Dynamics|21
4|2.3 The Approach to the Agro-Biodiversity Management|23
4|2.4 The Potential of Market Valorisation of Biodiverse Food|25
4|2.5 The Role of the Political Framework|26
3|3 A Comprehensive Approach to Preserving and Enhancing Agro-Biodiversity: Diversifood|29
4|3.1 The Approach of DIVERSIFOOD|30
3|4 Some Final Remarks|33
3|References|34
2|Remarks on Integrated Production (IP), Different Agricultural Systems and Coordinating Groups|37
3|1 The Definition of Integrated Production and Its Regulation: The Problem of Shared Failure|37
3|2 Relations Between the Different Production Chains in Light of the Principle of Coexistence|41
3|3 The Regulation of Integrated Production in Italy|43
3|4 Committee on Integrated Production and the Technical Scientific Body on Integrated Production Compared: Emergence of a Stron...|45
3|5 Conclusions|47
3|References|48
2|Genetically Modified Organisms as Politicizing Products?|50
3|1 Introduction|50
3|2 Contextualization of Biotechnology: A Spatial Reorganization of Food Production|52
3|3 The De-Territorialization of Food Production|53
4|3.1 Separation of Agriculture from Its Agro-Ecological Environment|53
4|3.2 Separation of Agriculture and Food Production|54
4|3.3 Uncoupling of Agricultural Products from Their Intrinsic Nutritional Quality|55
3|4 Biopower Through the Politicization of Biotechnological Products|56
3|5 Biopolitics and the Development of Tailor-Made Biotechnologies (TMBT)|59
4|5.1 Reuniting the Elements Separated in the Biopower System|59
4|5.2 Rivitalizing Place-Oriented Developments|61
4|5.3 Creation of Maneuver Space in the Complex Organization of Knowledge Production|62
4|5.4 Restoring Agency|63
3|6 Some Reflexive Remarks|65
3|References|67
2|Agroecology and Geographical Indications at the WTO and in the EU Between Magic and Rationality: `Reinventing´ Marketing Desig...|69
3|1 Introduction. Good Fate of `Agroecology´ and the `Rediscovery of the Law of Geographical Indications´. Scope of This Inquiry...|69
3|2 Common Assumptions Between Agro-Ecology and GIs Theory: Cultural and Environmental Value of Traditional Agriculture|72
3|3 Debate at the WTO and in the EU on the strenghtening of protection: GI Law Protected Interests Between `Trade´ and `Non-Trad...|74
4|3.1 WTO Debate on the `Extension´ of GI Protection and the Establishment of a `Multilateral Register´: GIs as Tools for Econom...|74
4|3.2 GIs Attraction Into the CAP as Instruments for Rural Development and to Protect the Gastronomic Heritage and the Environme...|77
3|4 Criticism. Arguments Against Strengthened Protection for GIs: Alleged Inadequacy in Preserving `Non-Trade Concerns´|79
4|4.1 GI Ineffectiveness as `Income-Generators´ in Face of Decreasing EU Wine World Market Shares. Transformative Effects of `Ma...|79
4|4.2 Criticism to the `Terroir´ Theory on the Background of the `Reality Principle´: GI Products as `Invented Traditions´ and a...|80
3|5 Reconsidering GIs Protected Interests and Functions Through the Lenses of IP Law: Scope of Rights and Expected Effects|81
4|5.1 Dual Nature, Commercial and Cultural, of GI Products. Cultural Protection as `as an end in Itself´|81
4|5.2 Difference in Nature of GI Law: The Distinctive Function as Protection of Producers´ (Reputation) and Consumers´ Interests...|83
4|5.3 How GIs Law Protects `General Interests´: GIs as a Settler of Incentives to protect `Living Traditions´, Fully Subjected t...|84
4|5.4 Elements Suggesting a Direct, Albeit `Incomplete´, Protection of Culture, Tradition, Food Diversity and the Environment: A...|86
3|6 Arguments in Support of GIs Law: EU Wine Agreements and the Establishment of Independent Commercial Identities|88
4|6.1 EU Agreements on trade in wine and the establishment of international reputations for local geographical designations in A...|88
4|6.2 `Rioja´, `Parma´ and `Grana Padano´ at the ECJ: Benefits for Side-Industries, Investments Attraction and `Job-Relocation´ ...|90
3|7 Ambivalent Content of PDOs/PGIs Quality Regulations as Regards Tradition, Food Diversity and the Environment|91
4|7.1 EU Register as an Inventory of Cultural Diversity and TK. Elements for the Preservation of Traditions and the Environment ...|91
4|7.2 Under-Consideration of and Generic or Apodictic Reference to Cultural and Environmental Methods in Quality Regulations|93
3|8 Tendential Lack of `Justiciability´ of Enhanced TK Requirements in EU Law: The Case for `CSR´ or `soft law´?|94
4|8.1 `Historical´ or `Traditional Character´ and `Environment-Friendly Elements´ in PDOs and PGIs Quality Regulations as `Non-S...|94
4|8.2 Enhancing `Cultural and Environmental Added Value´ in GIs: Fostering Normative Integration Through National Law or CSR and...|96
3|9 Conclusions. GI Law as a `Rational Piece of the Institutions of the Market´, Designed to Foster `Quality´, `Culture´ and `Su...|98
3|References|99
2|Food Diversity and Typicality in EU and in Italian Law: Protected Designations of Origin (PDOs); Protected Geographical Indica...|102
3|1 Introduction|102
3|2 From Food Diversity to Food Diversities|105
3|3 Food Typicality. Traditional Food as an Enriched Typical Food|106
3|4 The Context of the Revision of Quality Schemes for European Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs|108
3|5 The Main Novelties Introduced by the Quality Schemes Regulation in Relation to the Rules on PDO and PGI Schemes|110
3|6 The Revision of the TSG Scheme|112
3|7 Concluding Remarks: Is the Quality Schemes Regulation a Panacea for All Its Critics?|116
3|References|119
2|Regional Development of Rural Areas and Promotion of Local Foods: Comparing the EU and US Approach|121
3|1 Introduction|121
3|2 Overview of the EU and US Governance Structures|123
3|3 Comparing the EU and US Approaches|124
4|3.1 Omnibus Farm Policy: The Farm Bill and the CAP Primary Source of Agricultural Policy and Funding|125
3|4 Alternative Programs and Support|127
4|4.1 Flexible Health and Food Safety Regulations|129
4|4.2 Labeling Schemes Promoting Local Foods|131
4|4.3 Public Procurement Targeting Increased Purchase of Local Products|132
4|4.4 Farmers Markets and Other Forms of Direct Marketing|135
4|4.5 Local Mechanisms to Promote Local Food Systems|135
3|5 Conclusions About EU and US Local Food Promotion|137
3|References|138
2|``Short Food Supply Chain´´ and Promotion of Local Food in EU and Italian Law|143
3|1 Introduction|143
3|2 From ``Short´´ to ``Local´´: The Evolution of Policy Support for Food Supply Chains|144
3|3 The Shortening of Food Supply Chains for Social and Collective Objectives. The Case of Farmers´ Markets in Italy|146
3|4 The Definition of Supply Food Chain Within EU Rural Development Policy|148
3|5 Towards an EU Labelling Scheme?|150
3|6 Concluding Remarks|152
3|References|152
2|Rural Development and Food Diversity in France|154
3|1 Introduction|154
3|2 Food Diversity Guaranteed by Rural Development|156
4|2.1 Promotion of Food Diversity|157
4|2.2 Hindering Food Diversity|160
3|3 Rural Development Through Food Diversity|164
4|3.1 Cooperation Among Producers to Ensure Rural Development|165
4|3.2 Rural Development in Cooperation with Consumers|168
3|References|171
2|Regional Quality Labels for Agro-Food Products|172
3|1 Protection of Food Quality and Multilevel Governance|172
3|2 Public Geographic Trademarks and Compatibility with EU and Competition Law|174
3|3 Public Regional Trademarks of Quality and Origin: The Italian Case|177
3|4 Doubts on the Distinctive Function of Regional Trademarks of Quality and Origin|179
3|5 Regional Instruments for Enhancing the Value of Local Products|181
3|References|185
2|Agro-Food Typicality and Cultural Heritage: The Case of the Mediterranean Diet|186
3|1 Introduction|186
3|2 Cultural Heritage and the Code|187
3|3 UNESCO´S Commitment to Safeguard the Intangible Cultural Heritage|189
3|4 Commitment of the Regions in Promoting and Enhancing Intangible Heritage|191
3|5 The Case of the ``Mediterranean Diet´´ as Protection of Tradition and as Model Diet Plan|193
3|6 Conclusion|196
3|References|198
2|The Role of Gastronomy and Typical Foods in the Tourism Experience|199
3|1 Introduction|199
3|2 The Three Main Approaches to Describe the Role of Food at Tourist Destinations|200
4|2.1 Food as a Tourist Attraction and as an Impediment|200
4|2.2 Food´s Role in the Overall Tourism Experience|202
4|2.3 Food and Its Linkages to Overall Tourism Supply|203
3|3 Determining Factors for the Consumption of Local Food at Tourists´ Destinations|204
3|4 The Role of Globalization on Local Food Consumption by Tourists|207
3|5 Conclusions|208
3|References|209
1|Part II: Food Diversity in a Multidimensional Perspective: Food Traditions, Food Security, Right to Food, Market´s Evolutionar...|211
2|Diversity of Food Traditions: A Historical Perspective on Invention and Transformation|212
3|1 Introduction|212
3|2 Between History and Myth: The Invention of Tradition|213
3|3 Food Traditions: The ``Mediterranean Diet´´|215
3|4 The Mediterranean Diet as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|217
3|5 The Damnation of King Midas|220
3|References|221
2|Food Security: A Challenge for a Global Governance|224
3|1 ``Nourish the Planet´´ Beyond the Anthropocentric Vision|224
3|2 The ``Food Security´´ Objective|225
3|3 Unsustainable Nourishment|227
3|4 Consumption Guidance, Markets Governance. The Need for a Global Governance|230
3|5 Security Limits|233
3|References|234
2|Considerations on the Subject of Food Security and Food Safety|235
3|1 Introduction|235
3|2 The Notion of Food Security|236
3|3 The Objective of Food Security/Safety|238
3|4 The System of Food Security/Safety|240
3|5 Food Security/Safety, Subjective Juridical Situations: Instruments, Mechanisms of Protection and Remedies|242
3|References|244
2|Right to Food and ``Tragedy´´ of the Commons|248
3|1 Introductory Notes|248
3|2 The Juridical Significance of the Economic Theories of the Commons|249
3|3 Some Considerations of Constitutional Order|252
3|4 Overview on the Right to Adequate Nutrition|255
3|5 Food and Market|257
3|6 Food and Common Goods|260
3|7 What Can Be Done to Avoid the ``Tragedy´´? Paradoxical Conclusion|263
3|References|266
2|The Constitutional Protection of the Right to Food in Bolivia and Ecuador|269
3|1 A Global Overview of Right to Food|269
4|1.1 International and Constitutional Protection of the Right to Food|269
4|1.2 Food Security|271
3|2 The Right to Food in the Andean ``Nuevo constitucionalismo´´|272
4|2.1 Main Characteristics of the Andean Region|272
4|2.2 Bolivia´s Legislative Framework|274
4|2.3 Food Sovereignty in Ecuador|275
3|3 Final Remarks|277
3|References|278
2|The Impact of Biofuels on the Realization of the Human Right to Food|280
3|1 The Right to Food in International Law|280
3|2 The International Legal Basis of the Human Right to Food|282
3|3 Biofuels: Is the Cure Worse Than the Disease?|285
3|4 Biofuels and EU Law|288
3|5 Biofuels in International Law|290
3|6 Future Prospects of Biofuels Impact on the Human Right to Food|292
3|References|292
2|The Matter ``Alimentation´´ in the Italian Constitution|296
3|1 The (Present) Constitutional Frame of Reference|296
3|2 The Issues of ``Alimentation´´ Included in the Concurrent Competition of the EU Regarding Health Protection|297
3|3 The Subject ``Agriculture´´ in the Italian Constitution|300
3|4 The Interference Between the Subjects ``Alimentation´´ and ``Agriculture´´|301
3|5 Quality as Part of Food Valorisation|303
3|6 The Constitutional Reform in Ongoing Process (``Alimentation´´ and ``Valorisation of Specific Territories´´)|306
3|References|307
2|Consumer Choice as a Pathway to Food Diversity: A Case Study of Açaí Berry Product Labelling|309
3|1 Introduction|309
3|2 Background|311
4|2.1 Methodological Approach|311
4|2.2 Laws That Apply to Açaí Berry Claims|312
3|3 Açaí Berry Case Study|314
4|3.1 Claim 1: Açaí Berry Production Preserves the Amazon|315
4|3.2 Claim 2: Part of Traditional Diets and Informed by Traditional Knowledge|317
4|3.3 Claim 3: Especially and Uniquely Nutritious|318
4|3.4 Claim 4 Açaí Berries Are Fair Trade|319
4|3.5 Claim 5 Açaí Berries Are Organic|320
3|4 Conclusion|322
3|References|322
2|Critical Consumption and Ethical Purchasing Groups (GAS)|325
3|1 Critical Consumption: Legal Framework of the Phenomenon|325
3|2 The Evolution of Consumption and Production Towards Models of Environmental Sustainability Through the Protection of Land an...|327
3|3 Legal Recognition of Ethical Purchasing Groups (GAS) in Law n. 244/2007. Critical Profiles and Legal Perspectives of Protect...|330
3|4 Ethical Purchasing Groups in Light of the Principles of the Italian Constitution. Solidaristic Approach to Operation Within ...|334
4|4.1 The Paradigm of Environmental Solidarity as an Evolving Destination for the Concept of Solidarity Incorporated by the Ital...|337
3|5 Ethical Purchasing Groups and Legal Protection of the Environment, Particularly the ``Principle of Sustainable Solidarity´´|340
3|6 Conclusions|342
3|References|344
2|From Districts to Agricultural Enterprise Networks|347
3|1 Introduction|347
3|2 Rural Districts and Quality Agri-Food Districts|349
3|3 From Production Districts to Enterprise Networks|353
3|4 The Network Contract in Agriculture|357
3|5 Conclusions|363
3|References|364
2|Company Management Oriented Towards Sustainable Development: An Indirect Form of Protection of Food Diversity?|366
3|1 Preface|366
3|2 Sustainable Development and Corporate Social Responsibility|370
3|3 Brief Reflections of Corporate Responsibility and Italian Corporate Law|373
3|4 Tools for Social Responsibility: Ethical Codes|375
3|5 Effectiveness of Ethical Commitments|376
3|6 Social Accounting|379
3|7 Closing Remarks|381
3|References|381
1|Part III: Food Diversity as a Legal Value: Principles, Aspects and Problems|383
2|The Multifaceted Nature of ``Food Diversity´´ as a Life-Related Legal Value|384
3|1 The State of Play|384
3|2 A Reference Paradigm: Social-Ecological Systems (SES) Model|386
3|3 Social-Ecological Systems in the Anthropocene Era: The Transgression of Planetary Boundaries|391
3|4 Life as Fundamental Legal Value: The Binding Duty to Protect Life at the Ecological Scale as a Requirement of Life on the So...|394
3|5 Life, Bio-Cultural Diversity and Food Diversity|396
3|6 Food Diversity as Organic Synthesis of Different Fundamental Legal Values|399
3|7 Conclusion. Food Diversity in the Face of Economic Pressures|405
3|References|406
2|Cultural Heritage, Food Diversity and International Law|417
3|1 Food Diversity and International Law. Two (or Three) Possible Approaches|417
3|2 Cultural Heritage and Cultural Diversity in International Law|419
3|3 The Definition of Intangible Cultural Heritage and Food Diversity|421
4|3.1 The Extrinsic Component of Intangible Cultural Heritage and Food Practices|421
4|3.2 Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Plurality (or Diversity) of Human Communities|422
3|4 Intangible Cultural Heritage Involving Food Practices. A `Descriptive´ Relevance of Food Diversity Within the CSICH Experien...|424
3|5 Agricultural and Culinary Practices Having a Peculiar Importance in the UNESCO Experience|427
4|5.1 Significant Cases of Food Practices Qualified as Intangible Cultural Heritage|427
4|5.2 The Protection of Rural Landscapes Under the 1972 World Heritage Convention|430
3|6 A Proper Legal Function for Food Diversity in International Cultural Law|432
4|6.1 Cultural Heritage and Communities|433
4|6.2 A Distinctive Function for Food Diversity?|433
3|References|436
2|Food Diversity Between Human and Cultural Rights, Food Sovereignty and Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage|437
3|1 Introduction. The Complex Nature of the Right to Food and Its Relationship with Food Diversity|437
3|2 What Protection for a Complex Right? The Debate at International Level Between RtAF (the Human Right to Adequate Food), Food...|440
4|2.1 The RtAF|441
4|2.2 Food Sovereignty|443
4|2.3 Intangible (Incorporeal) Cultural Heritage (Only a Few References)|445
3|3 Constitutional Protection: The Interweaving Between the Protection of the Right to Food, the Protection of Biodiversity, of ...|447
3|4 Conclusions|450
3|References|451
2|Food, Culture and Law: The Terms of an Evolving Relationship|454
3|1 Preliminary Considerations|454
3|2 Solicitation from the International Law|455
3|3 State Choices: The Code of Cultural Heritage|457
3|4 Other Internal Guidelines|460
3|5 Reflections on Cultural Heritage Law|468
3|References|471
2|Food Diversity and Legal Protection of ``Made in Italy´´ Label|473
3|1 Foreword|473
3|2 Relationship Between Food Diversity and Made in Italy|474
3|3 The Promotion of Food Diversity Through the Instrument of Made in Italy|477
3|References|479
2|The Right to Food and Food Diversity in the Italian Constitution|481
3|1 Introduction|481
3|2 The Right to Food in a Laborist Constitution|482
3|3 The ``Discovery´´ of the Right to Food|484
3|4 The Right to Food and Principle of Solidarity|485
3|5 The Duty to Render Effective the Right to Food. The ``Vital Minimum´´|486
3|6 The Duty to Protect the Right to Food. Food Diversity|488
4|6.1 Food Diversity and Culture|489
4|6.2 Food Diversity and Territory|491
3|7 The Role of Regions and Local Authorities|493
3|8 Conclusions|495
3|References|497