File #2853: "2020_Book_DigitisingDemocracy.pdf"
Testo
1|Preface|5
1|Contents|6
1|Chapter 1: Digitalisation: The End of Democracy?|10
2|1.1 The End of Democracy? Digitalisation and Democracy|10
2|1.2 Digitalisation. Technology and Culture|11
3|1.2.1 Technology. Digitalisation and Networking|11
3|1.2.2 The Cultural Core of Digitalisation|12
2|References|13
1|Chapter 2: Boundary-Free. The Core of Digitalisation|14
2|2.1 The End of Boundaries?|14
3|2.1.1 Physical Dissolution of Boundaries|14
3|2.1.2 Dissolution of Social Boundaries|15
3|2.1.3 Social Psychology: The Flexible Human|16
3|2.1.4 Ubiquitous Computing: Extreme Dissolution of Boundaries|17
3|2.1.5 Affective Computing: Endless Dissolution of Boundaries|18
3|2.1.6 Analogue World: The Boundary of the Dissolution of Boundaries|19
3|2.1.7 Homo Geographicus|21
3|2.1.8 Culture and Dissolution of Boundaries|22
3|2.1.9 New Boundaries Through Community Building|22
3|2.1.10 Fully Decoupled? Cyberspace and Real Life|24
2|2.2 The End of the Nation State?|25
3|2.2.1 The State and Geographical Borders|25
3|2.2.2 Bit State. Statehood in a Digitalised World|26
3|2.2.3 End of the State: Or Transformation?|27
3|2.2.4 Psychology of the State|28
2|2.3 The End of Democracy?|29
3|2.3.1 Unthinkable Without Each Other? State and Democracy|30
3|2.3.2 Democratic Thinking vs. Statist Thinking|31
3|2.3.3 A New Democracy in the Digital World|33
2|References|33
1|Chapter 3: Fragmentation. Many Worlds, One Democracy?|40
2|3.1 Digitalisation: Fragmentation of the World|40
3|3.1.1 Modularisation. Fragmentation as a Method|40
3|3.1.2 Asynchronicity. Fragmentation of Time|41
3|3.1.3 Filter Bubble. Fragmentation Through Extreme Personalisation|43
3|3.1.4 Hyperfocus and Nice World. Atrophying of Thought|44
2|3.2 The Public Sphere in the Digitalised World|46
3|3.2.1 (Media) Public Sphere and Democracy|46
3|3.2.2 Digitalisation: Public Spheres Instead of One Public Sphere|48
3|3.2.3 Fragmentation and Majority Voting|49
3|3.2.4 Public Space: Social and Cultural Significance|51
3|3.2.5 Social Media as a Democratic Public Sphere?|52
3|3.2.6 Social Media: Exclusive Public Sphere by Private Entities?|54
3|3.2.7 Machine Censorship: The Power of Search Engines|54
2|3.3 Democratic Discourse in the Digitalised World|56
3|3.3.1 Digital Discourse: Attention and Anonymity|56
3|3.3.2 Emotionalising the Democratic Debate|58
3|3.3.3 Social Bots: Discourse and Election Campaigns by Robots|58
3|3.3.4 The End of the Compromise?|60
2|3.4 Digital Democracy: Emotions Instead of Reason?|61
3|3.4.1 Democracy and Reason|61
3|3.4.2 Emotional Democracy|62
2|References|63
1|Chapter 4: Algo-democracy. Power of Technology, Powerlessness of Democracy?|69
2|4.1 Technology and Society|69
3|4.1.1 Interplay: Culture and Technology|69
3|4.1.2 Control? Influence of Law on Technology|71
3|4.1.3 Necessity? Legal Rules for Technology|74
2|4.2 From Code Is Law to Law Is Code|75
3|4.2.1 Technology Instead of Politics: The Law of the Nerds|75
3|4.2.2 Excursus: Social Psychology of the Nerds|78
3|4.2.3 Nerd Law and Constitution|78
3|4.2.4 Environment Rights as a Tool|80
3|4.2.5 The Scored Society|80
3|4.2.6 Law Is Code. Digital Code vs. Democratic Law|83
2|4.3 Democracy Through Technology?|85
3|4.3.1 An Ambivalent Relationship: Technology and Democracy|85
3|4.3.2 Democratic Visions: Electronic Democracy|86
3|4.3.3 Participation in Digital Democracy|87
3|4.3.4 Online Elections: Psychology and Symbolism|90
3|4.3.5 Monitory Democracy: The Network´s Transparency Promise|91
2|4.4 Democratic Algorithms?|93
3|4.4.1 Governance by Algorithms: The Importance of Algorithms in the Digitalised World|93
3|4.4.2 Governance of Algorithms: The Democratic Problem of Algorithms|94
2|4.5 Conclusion: Digital Technology as an Opportunity and Risk for (Representative) Democracy|96
2|References|96
1|Chapter 5: Overloaded. Classical Democracy|104
2|5.1 Digital Complexity. The Challenge to Democracy|104
2|5.2 Complexity Through Digital Networking|105
3|5.2.1 Networks: Patterns of Life|106
3|5.2.2 Complexity Through Digital Networking|108
2|5.3 Complexity Through Digital Acceleration|110
3|5.3.1 Acceleration Through Technological Change|110
3|5.3.2 Vicious Circle of Acceleration|110
2|5.4 Snail´s Pace. Democracy as a Slow Form of Government|111
3|5.4.1 Free Will. Development of Democratic Awareness|112
3|5.4.2 Reflection. Integration of the Many|112
2|5.5 Tempocracy. Democracy and Digital Tempo|113
3|5.5.1 Clash of Cultures. Democracy and Law vs. Acceleration|113
3|5.5.2 Democracy´s Speed Dilemma|114
2|5.6 Overloaded: Classical Democracy|115
3|5.6.1 Mechanistic: The Classical Conception of Democracy|115
3|5.6.2 Alternatives? Beyond Mechanical Democracy|116
3|5.6.3 Democracy: Is the Result All That Matters?|118
3|5.6.4 Conclusion: Level of Legitimacy Instead of Chain of Legitimation|120
2|References|121
1|Chapter 6: Complexity Management: Reinventing Democracy|126
2|6.1 Breathing Democracy in the Digital Age|126
2|6.2 On the Way to a Breathing Democracy?|127
3|6.2.1 Minimum Standards of Democracy|127
3|6.2.2 Majority Instead of Truth: Democratic Wisdom|129
3|6.2.3 Demos and Democracy: The Psychological Factor|130
3|6.2.4 Equality and Freedom: Cornerstones of Democracy|132
3|6.2.5 Trust: The Underestimated Factor|133
3|6.2.6 Breathing Democracy: Wide Scope for Shaping Democracy|134
2|6.3 Crystalline Democracy: The Stable Core|135
3|6.3.1 Human Dignity and Human Rights|135
3|6.3.2 The Human Right to Democracy|137
3|6.3.3 Infrastructure. Democracy Through Law and Institutions|139
3|6.3.4 Regionalisation. Democracy Through Fragmentation|141
3|6.3.5 Basic Democratic Trust|143
2|6.4 Fluid Democracy: The Flexible Shell|143
3|6.4.1 (Political) Communication|144
3|6.4.2 Digital Democracy Tool. Networks Without Borders|145
3|6.4.3 Political Culture|146
3|6.4.4 Democratic Political Culture|147
3|6.4.5 Digital Democratic Culture|149
2|6.5 Bridging the Gap: Time for Democratic Experiments|150
2|References|150
1|Contents|6
1|Chapter 1: Digitalisation: The End of Democracy?|10
2|1.1 The End of Democracy? Digitalisation and Democracy|10
2|1.2 Digitalisation. Technology and Culture|11
3|1.2.1 Technology. Digitalisation and Networking|11
3|1.2.2 The Cultural Core of Digitalisation|12
2|References|13
1|Chapter 2: Boundary-Free. The Core of Digitalisation|14
2|2.1 The End of Boundaries?|14
3|2.1.1 Physical Dissolution of Boundaries|14
3|2.1.2 Dissolution of Social Boundaries|15
3|2.1.3 Social Psychology: The Flexible Human|16
3|2.1.4 Ubiquitous Computing: Extreme Dissolution of Boundaries|17
3|2.1.5 Affective Computing: Endless Dissolution of Boundaries|18
3|2.1.6 Analogue World: The Boundary of the Dissolution of Boundaries|19
3|2.1.7 Homo Geographicus|21
3|2.1.8 Culture and Dissolution of Boundaries|22
3|2.1.9 New Boundaries Through Community Building|22
3|2.1.10 Fully Decoupled? Cyberspace and Real Life|24
2|2.2 The End of the Nation State?|25
3|2.2.1 The State and Geographical Borders|25
3|2.2.2 Bit State. Statehood in a Digitalised World|26
3|2.2.3 End of the State: Or Transformation?|27
3|2.2.4 Psychology of the State|28
2|2.3 The End of Democracy?|29
3|2.3.1 Unthinkable Without Each Other? State and Democracy|30
3|2.3.2 Democratic Thinking vs. Statist Thinking|31
3|2.3.3 A New Democracy in the Digital World|33
2|References|33
1|Chapter 3: Fragmentation. Many Worlds, One Democracy?|40
2|3.1 Digitalisation: Fragmentation of the World|40
3|3.1.1 Modularisation. Fragmentation as a Method|40
3|3.1.2 Asynchronicity. Fragmentation of Time|41
3|3.1.3 Filter Bubble. Fragmentation Through Extreme Personalisation|43
3|3.1.4 Hyperfocus and Nice World. Atrophying of Thought|44
2|3.2 The Public Sphere in the Digitalised World|46
3|3.2.1 (Media) Public Sphere and Democracy|46
3|3.2.2 Digitalisation: Public Spheres Instead of One Public Sphere|48
3|3.2.3 Fragmentation and Majority Voting|49
3|3.2.4 Public Space: Social and Cultural Significance|51
3|3.2.5 Social Media as a Democratic Public Sphere?|52
3|3.2.6 Social Media: Exclusive Public Sphere by Private Entities?|54
3|3.2.7 Machine Censorship: The Power of Search Engines|54
2|3.3 Democratic Discourse in the Digitalised World|56
3|3.3.1 Digital Discourse: Attention and Anonymity|56
3|3.3.2 Emotionalising the Democratic Debate|58
3|3.3.3 Social Bots: Discourse and Election Campaigns by Robots|58
3|3.3.4 The End of the Compromise?|60
2|3.4 Digital Democracy: Emotions Instead of Reason?|61
3|3.4.1 Democracy and Reason|61
3|3.4.2 Emotional Democracy|62
2|References|63
1|Chapter 4: Algo-democracy. Power of Technology, Powerlessness of Democracy?|69
2|4.1 Technology and Society|69
3|4.1.1 Interplay: Culture and Technology|69
3|4.1.2 Control? Influence of Law on Technology|71
3|4.1.3 Necessity? Legal Rules for Technology|74
2|4.2 From Code Is Law to Law Is Code|75
3|4.2.1 Technology Instead of Politics: The Law of the Nerds|75
3|4.2.2 Excursus: Social Psychology of the Nerds|78
3|4.2.3 Nerd Law and Constitution|78
3|4.2.4 Environment Rights as a Tool|80
3|4.2.5 The Scored Society|80
3|4.2.6 Law Is Code. Digital Code vs. Democratic Law|83
2|4.3 Democracy Through Technology?|85
3|4.3.1 An Ambivalent Relationship: Technology and Democracy|85
3|4.3.2 Democratic Visions: Electronic Democracy|86
3|4.3.3 Participation in Digital Democracy|87
3|4.3.4 Online Elections: Psychology and Symbolism|90
3|4.3.5 Monitory Democracy: The Network´s Transparency Promise|91
2|4.4 Democratic Algorithms?|93
3|4.4.1 Governance by Algorithms: The Importance of Algorithms in the Digitalised World|93
3|4.4.2 Governance of Algorithms: The Democratic Problem of Algorithms|94
2|4.5 Conclusion: Digital Technology as an Opportunity and Risk for (Representative) Democracy|96
2|References|96
1|Chapter 5: Overloaded. Classical Democracy|104
2|5.1 Digital Complexity. The Challenge to Democracy|104
2|5.2 Complexity Through Digital Networking|105
3|5.2.1 Networks: Patterns of Life|106
3|5.2.2 Complexity Through Digital Networking|108
2|5.3 Complexity Through Digital Acceleration|110
3|5.3.1 Acceleration Through Technological Change|110
3|5.3.2 Vicious Circle of Acceleration|110
2|5.4 Snail´s Pace. Democracy as a Slow Form of Government|111
3|5.4.1 Free Will. Development of Democratic Awareness|112
3|5.4.2 Reflection. Integration of the Many|112
2|5.5 Tempocracy. Democracy and Digital Tempo|113
3|5.5.1 Clash of Cultures. Democracy and Law vs. Acceleration|113
3|5.5.2 Democracy´s Speed Dilemma|114
2|5.6 Overloaded: Classical Democracy|115
3|5.6.1 Mechanistic: The Classical Conception of Democracy|115
3|5.6.2 Alternatives? Beyond Mechanical Democracy|116
3|5.6.3 Democracy: Is the Result All That Matters?|118
3|5.6.4 Conclusion: Level of Legitimacy Instead of Chain of Legitimation|120
2|References|121
1|Chapter 6: Complexity Management: Reinventing Democracy|126
2|6.1 Breathing Democracy in the Digital Age|126
2|6.2 On the Way to a Breathing Democracy?|127
3|6.2.1 Minimum Standards of Democracy|127
3|6.2.2 Majority Instead of Truth: Democratic Wisdom|129
3|6.2.3 Demos and Democracy: The Psychological Factor|130
3|6.2.4 Equality and Freedom: Cornerstones of Democracy|132
3|6.2.5 Trust: The Underestimated Factor|133
3|6.2.6 Breathing Democracy: Wide Scope for Shaping Democracy|134
2|6.3 Crystalline Democracy: The Stable Core|135
3|6.3.1 Human Dignity and Human Rights|135
3|6.3.2 The Human Right to Democracy|137
3|6.3.3 Infrastructure. Democracy Through Law and Institutions|139
3|6.3.4 Regionalisation. Democracy Through Fragmentation|141
3|6.3.5 Basic Democratic Trust|143
2|6.4 Fluid Democracy: The Flexible Shell|143
3|6.4.1 (Political) Communication|144
3|6.4.2 Digital Democracy Tool. Networks Without Borders|145
3|6.4.3 Political Culture|146
3|6.4.4 Democratic Political Culture|147
3|6.4.5 Digital Democratic Culture|149
2|6.5 Bridging the Gap: Time for Democratic Experiments|150
2|References|150