File #2848: "2020_Book_AnInternationalPerspectiveOnCo.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|6
2|Marc Groenhuijsen: Master in Law|6
3|A Birds’-Eye View of An Impressive Career|6
3|Revisiting “Compensation for Victims of Crimes in the Criminal Trial”|7
3|Comparative Victimology|8
3|Multidisciplinary Sympathies|9
2|References|10
1|Introduction|11
1|Contents|15
1|About the Authors|18
1|Part I: New Perspectives and Approaches in Victimology|28
2|Chapter 1: Cyber Victimology: A New Sub-Discipline of the Twenty-First Century Victimology|29
3|Me, Marc and His Indelible Mark: A Cherished Journey|29
3|Introduction|30
3|Cyber Victimization: Creation of a New Typology (Jaishankar 2012, 2013)|32
3|Typology of Cyber Victimization (Jaishankar 2012, 2013)|33
3|Novel Trends in Cyber Crime Victimization (Jaishankar 2012, 2013)|34
4|Development of Victim Turned Offenders|34
3|Growth of Victim Precipitated Crimes|35
3|Increase in Mobile Phone Victimization|36
3|Vulnerability of Children and Teens Increased to a Greater Extent|36
3|Differential Victimization of Men and Women|37
3|Lack of Reporting Behaviour, Secondary Victimization and Reliance on Online Private Policing Groups|38
3|Cyber Victimology: A New Sub-Discipline of the Twenty-first Century Victimology|39
3|Conclusion|40
3|References|41
2|Chapter 2: From Victim to Survivor to Overcomer|46
3|Introduction|46
3|Victim Self Identification|47
3|Survivor’s Self Identity|49
3|Thriver Self Identity|50
3|Overcomer Self Identity|51
3|From Victim to Overcomer|52
3|Conclusion and Suggestions|53
3|References|54
2|Chapter 3: The Relevance of Error Margins in the Trend Towards Algorithmic Victimology: Some Remarks on the Futures of Theory and Risk Assessment From the Spanish Periphery|56
3|Introduction|56
3|Algorithmic Victimology as Predicting Technique in Today Criminal Justice Systems: The End of Theory?|58
4|The Contribution of Victimological Theories to Knowledge and Explanation|60
3|The Case of Gender-Based Violence in Spain and the Legal Use of the Term ‘Vulnerability’|63
4|Vulnerability Theory and Risk|63
4|The EU Legal Use of the Term ‘Vulnerability’|64
3|Conclusion: Managing Victimization Uncertainties through Contextualized Probabilistic Systems|65
3|References|67
2|Chapter 4: A Victimological Exploration of the African Values of Ubuntu|70
3|Introduction|70
3|Conceptualizing Ubuntu|71
3|Maat and Ubuntu|71
3|Transformative Value of Ubuntu|73
3|Conclusion|79
3|References|79
2|Chapter 5: New Perspectives on a General Methodology of Victim Support|81
3|Victims’ Needs and Challenges for Professionals|81
3|Addressing Victims’ Needs Appropriately|84
3|Key Aspects of the ALOHA-Intervention-Model|84
4|Key Aspect 1: Assessment, Care Planning, Implementation all Interlock|84
4|Key Aspect 2: Evaluation as an Ongoing Re-Assessment|85
4|Key Aspect 3: Main Sequence: Decision-Making Regarding General Order of Impulses of Assessment, Care Planning, Implementation|86
4|Key Aspect 4: Process-Orientation and -Regulation: Dialogue-Orientated, Flexible and Dynamic Alternation Between Assessment, Care Planning, Implementation|88
4|Summary of Key Aspects 1 to 4: The ALOHA-Intervention-Model|91
3|Conclusions|92
3|References|93
2|Chapter 6: Victim Labeling Theory; A Reappraisal|96
3|Introduction|96
3|The Etymology of the Word Victim|97
3|Victim Labeling|98
3|Secondary Victim Blaming|98
3|Reviewing the Reviewers|99
3|Galona’s Review|101
3|The Reality of Victim Labeling Today|103
3|Just ‘Just World Theory’?|104
3|Explaining the Rise of the Victims’ Movement|106
3|Responding to the Harmed Party|107
3|Victim Participation|107
3|Victim-Centered Restorative Justice|110
3|In Conclusion|111
3|References|111
1|Part II: Types of Victimization|114
2|Chapter 7: Arab Girls at Risk of Victimization: Cultural and Personal Characteristics|115
3|Introduction|115
3|Self-Harm and Aggression, Self-Control, and Traditionalism|116
3|Method|118
4|Procedure and Measurements|118
3|Results|118
4|Differences Between the Groups by Sociodemographic and Background Variables|118
3|Self-Harm, Self-Control, Aggression, and Traditionalism|119
3|Discussion|120
3|Self-Harm, Aggression, Self-Control, and Traditionalism|121
3|References|123
2|Chapter 8: Transphobic Femicide: An Intersectional Perspective|127
3|Introduction|127
3|Conceptual Frameworks|128
4|Concept of Transgenderism|128
4|Concept of Femicide|129
3|Theoretical Perspective – Intersectional Perspective|130
3|Literature Review on Homicide of Transgender People|131
4|Nature and Extent of Transphobic Femicide in United States|132
3|Understanding the Overrepresentation of Transgender Women as Femicide Victims|133
3|Response to the Femicide of Black Transgender Women|137
3|Conclusion|138
3|References|139
2|Chapter 9: Maritime Piracy Victimization of Seafarers and Their Families|142
3|Introduction|142
3|Maritime Piracy: A ‘Signal Crime’ for Seafarers|143
3|Literature Review|143
3|Criminalizing Maritime Piracy|143
3|Conceptualizing Maritime Piracy ‘Harm Footprints’|145
3|Research Study|146
4|Purpose of the Study|146
4|Methodology|146
4|Description of Sample|147
3|Research Findings|147
4|Fear of Victimization|147
4|Direct Maritime Piracy Victimization|149
4|Indirect Maritime Piracy Victimization|152
4|Indirect Victimization of Seafarer’s Family Members|153
3|Discussion and Conclusion|154
3|References|156
2|Chapter 10: Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking in the United States: A Victim-Centered Approach|158
3|Introduction|158
3|Definitions of Human Trafficking|158
3|Child Sex Trafficking|160
3|Victim Centered Approach|160
3|Scope of the Problem|161
3|Victim Demographics|161
3|Risk Factors|162
3|Applying the Victim-Centered Approach|163
4|Responses to Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Victims|163
5|Legislative Responses|163
5|Social Services Responses to DMST Victims|165
3|Prevention of DMST|166
3|Conclusion|167
3|References|168
2|Chapter 11: Findings From an Intervention on the Prevention of Sexual Abuse of Children From Mayan Communities in Mexico|171
3|Child Sexual Abuse|171
3|“Word of Mouth: No One Touches My Body” Program|175
3|The Community|177
3|Program Evaluation|178
4|What to do in a situation of risk?|179
3|Conclusions|181
3|References|182
1|Part III: Victims’ Rights and Participation in the Criminal Justice System|184
2|Chapter 12: What Can We Achieve by 2030? Rights for Victims of Crime in the Era of Sustainable Development Goals|185
3|Introduction|185
3|Progress Since the UN General Assembly Resolution on Victim Rights|186
3|Prevalence of Crime and Victimization|187
3|Impact, Consequences and Costs of Interpersonal Violence|187
3|Preventing Victimization|188
3|Meeting Needs of Victims|189
3|Developments at UN Provide Potential for Transformations in Favor of Victims|190
4|Intergovernmental Consensus on Stopping Victimization and Rights for Victims|190
3|Why Should We Care About the Sustainable Development Goals?|191
3|How Can Victimologists Use the SDG’S and Their Knowledge|192
4|Road Maps|192
3|Inspire|193
3|Victim Rights Convention|193
3|So How Do We Achieve These Rights for Victims of Crime?|194
3|Building Awareness Through Social Media|194
3|Conclusion|195
3|References|195
2|Chapter 13: The Value of Legal Provisions for an Adequate Treatment of Victims of Crime: Does the Victims’ Rights Directive of the European Union Set a New Benchmark?|198
3|Introduction|198
3|The Path to the EU Victims’ Rights Directive|199
3|Objectives, Fundamental Principles and Content of the Victims’ Rights Directive|201
4|Objectives|201
4|Victims|202
4|Fundamental Principles|204
5|Individual Approach – Particular Vulnerability|204
5|Scope of the Victim Protection Standards|206
5|Legal Status of Victims|207
6|Victims as a Party to Criminal Proceedings?|207
6|“Rights” of Victims|208
5|Fair Trial|209
5|Access to Justice|210
3|Conclusion|211
3|References|212
2|Chapter 14: Ensuring Victims’ Participation in the Criminal Justice System of the United States of America|214
3|Personal Comments|214
3|Introduction|215
3|The Victim’s Legal Standing in the US|218
3|Applications to Enhance Victim Participation|218
3|US Victim Participation in the Future|220
3|Concluding Comments|221
3|References|222
2|Chapter 15: Improving Access to Justice: Procedural Justice Through Legal Counsel for Victims of Crime|224
3|Introduction|224
3|Crime-Victims’ Needs|225
3|Procedural Justice|226
3|A Tripartite Criminal Justice System|227
3|Commissioners for Victims’ Rights|229
3|Legal Counsel for Victims in South Australia|229
3|Case A – Victim Competency and Compellability|230
3|Case B – A Suppression Order to Prevent Undue Hardship|230
3|Case C – Consultation on Charge Bargain|231
3|Case D – Addressing a Victim’s Safety Concerns|231
3|Case E – Ensuring Access to Justice|232
3|Case F – Procedural Fairness for Victim, Due Process for Defendant|232
3|Case G – Furnishing Particulars on the Harm Done|233
3|Case H – Negotiating on the Right to Restitution|233
3|Case I – The Right to Cross-Examine Witnesses|234
3|Nudging Towards a Tripartite Criminal Justice System|235
3|Conclusion|235
3|References|236
2|Chapter 16: Victims Behind the Model Minority Myth: Are Asian Americans Model Victims?|241
3|Introduction|241
3|Historical Overview of Asian Americans|242
3|Disparities Among Asian Americans|243
3|Model Minority Stereotype in the Criminal Justice System and its Negative Consequences|245
3|Help-Seeking Attitudes of Asian Victims|247
3|Attitude of Professionals Toward Asian Americans|248
3|Moving Forward|248
3|References|250
1|Part IV: Practical Dimensions of Victimology|253
2|Chapter 17: Victim-Initiated Restorative Justice|254
3|Introduction|254
3|Predominant Referral Practices to RJ in Germany and UK|255
3|Some Reflections Regarding the Reluctance of Victims to Contact VS and RJ|257
3|Victim’s Reactions Towards Victimization|258
3|Offender-Initiated RJ Processes|259
4|Extending the Use of RJ|261
3|Recommendations|262
4|Abolition of Obstacles|262
4|Developing Wider Public Awareness About RJ|263
3|Conclusion|264
3|References|265
2|Chapter 18: Restorative Justice Implemented by the Judiciary in Brazil: Results and the Role of the Victim|269
3|Introduction|269
4|Principles of Restorative Justice|270
3|Restorative Justice in Brazil|273
3|Research on Restorative Justice in Brazil|273
3|Purposes of Restorative Justice in Brazil|274
3|Encounter, Repair and Transformation: The Triple Aim of Restorative Justice|275
3|Crime Types: Petty Offences, Offences Committed by Young Offenders and Domestic Violence Offences|276
3|Restorative Justice Myths|277
3|Restorative Justice in Brazil: Suggestions for Improvement|278
3|References|280
2|Chapter 19: Introducing Restorative Approaches in Prison Settings: An Example of a Victim Awareness Program in Serbia|283
3|Introduction|283
3|Raising Awareness About the Impact of a Crime on a Victim and on Restorative Justice: Experience of the Victimology Society of Serbia|285
4|The Aims and the Content of the Victim Awareness Program|286
4|Preparing for the Program Implementation|287
4|Methodology of the Victim Awareness Program|288
4|Implementing the Program|289
4|Program Evaluation|291
4|Assessment of the Victim Awareness Program in Serbia|292
3|Conclusion|294
3|References|295
2|Chapter 20: Restitution: Helping Victims or Offenders?|297
3|Securing Justice and Assistance for Victims|298
3|Restitution in the Canadian Criminal Justice System|299
3|Objectives|299
3|Practice|300
3|Obtaining Payment|301
3|Helping Victims|302
3|Compensation Orders in England and Wales|303
3|Restitution Orders in the Netherlands|303
3|Reparative Justice|304
3|Conclusion|306
3|References|306
2|Chapter 21: Evaluating the Challenges to Victim Services in North America|309
3|Introduction|309
3|Victim Assistance|311
3|Improving Strategic Planning|312
3|Focusing on Evidence-Based Practices and Applied Research|312
3|Integration of Technology and Inspiring Innovation|314
3|Funding for Victim Assistance Programs|318
3|International Collaboration and Victim Assistance|319
3|Summary|320
3|References|320
2|Chapter 22: Applied Victimology: The Professional Practice of Victimology|323
3|Introduction|323
3|Background|324
3|The Gap|325
3|Bridging the Gap: Applied Victimology|327
3|A Suggested Curriculum|328
3|Conclusions|330
3|References|330
1|Index|332
2|Marc Groenhuijsen: Master in Law|6
3|A Birds’-Eye View of An Impressive Career|6
3|Revisiting “Compensation for Victims of Crimes in the Criminal Trial”|7
3|Comparative Victimology|8
3|Multidisciplinary Sympathies|9
2|References|10
1|Introduction|11
1|Contents|15
1|About the Authors|18
1|Part I: New Perspectives and Approaches in Victimology|28
2|Chapter 1: Cyber Victimology: A New Sub-Discipline of the Twenty-First Century Victimology|29
3|Me, Marc and His Indelible Mark: A Cherished Journey|29
3|Introduction|30
3|Cyber Victimization: Creation of a New Typology (Jaishankar 2012, 2013)|32
3|Typology of Cyber Victimization (Jaishankar 2012, 2013)|33
3|Novel Trends in Cyber Crime Victimization (Jaishankar 2012, 2013)|34
4|Development of Victim Turned Offenders|34
3|Growth of Victim Precipitated Crimes|35
3|Increase in Mobile Phone Victimization|36
3|Vulnerability of Children and Teens Increased to a Greater Extent|36
3|Differential Victimization of Men and Women|37
3|Lack of Reporting Behaviour, Secondary Victimization and Reliance on Online Private Policing Groups|38
3|Cyber Victimology: A New Sub-Discipline of the Twenty-first Century Victimology|39
3|Conclusion|40
3|References|41
2|Chapter 2: From Victim to Survivor to Overcomer|46
3|Introduction|46
3|Victim Self Identification|47
3|Survivor’s Self Identity|49
3|Thriver Self Identity|50
3|Overcomer Self Identity|51
3|From Victim to Overcomer|52
3|Conclusion and Suggestions|53
3|References|54
2|Chapter 3: The Relevance of Error Margins in the Trend Towards Algorithmic Victimology: Some Remarks on the Futures of Theory and Risk Assessment From the Spanish Periphery|56
3|Introduction|56
3|Algorithmic Victimology as Predicting Technique in Today Criminal Justice Systems: The End of Theory?|58
4|The Contribution of Victimological Theories to Knowledge and Explanation|60
3|The Case of Gender-Based Violence in Spain and the Legal Use of the Term ‘Vulnerability’|63
4|Vulnerability Theory and Risk|63
4|The EU Legal Use of the Term ‘Vulnerability’|64
3|Conclusion: Managing Victimization Uncertainties through Contextualized Probabilistic Systems|65
3|References|67
2|Chapter 4: A Victimological Exploration of the African Values of Ubuntu|70
3|Introduction|70
3|Conceptualizing Ubuntu|71
3|Maat and Ubuntu|71
3|Transformative Value of Ubuntu|73
3|Conclusion|79
3|References|79
2|Chapter 5: New Perspectives on a General Methodology of Victim Support|81
3|Victims’ Needs and Challenges for Professionals|81
3|Addressing Victims’ Needs Appropriately|84
3|Key Aspects of the ALOHA-Intervention-Model|84
4|Key Aspect 1: Assessment, Care Planning, Implementation all Interlock|84
4|Key Aspect 2: Evaluation as an Ongoing Re-Assessment|85
4|Key Aspect 3: Main Sequence: Decision-Making Regarding General Order of Impulses of Assessment, Care Planning, Implementation|86
4|Key Aspect 4: Process-Orientation and -Regulation: Dialogue-Orientated, Flexible and Dynamic Alternation Between Assessment, Care Planning, Implementation|88
4|Summary of Key Aspects 1 to 4: The ALOHA-Intervention-Model|91
3|Conclusions|92
3|References|93
2|Chapter 6: Victim Labeling Theory; A Reappraisal|96
3|Introduction|96
3|The Etymology of the Word Victim|97
3|Victim Labeling|98
3|Secondary Victim Blaming|98
3|Reviewing the Reviewers|99
3|Galona’s Review|101
3|The Reality of Victim Labeling Today|103
3|Just ‘Just World Theory’?|104
3|Explaining the Rise of the Victims’ Movement|106
3|Responding to the Harmed Party|107
3|Victim Participation|107
3|Victim-Centered Restorative Justice|110
3|In Conclusion|111
3|References|111
1|Part II: Types of Victimization|114
2|Chapter 7: Arab Girls at Risk of Victimization: Cultural and Personal Characteristics|115
3|Introduction|115
3|Self-Harm and Aggression, Self-Control, and Traditionalism|116
3|Method|118
4|Procedure and Measurements|118
3|Results|118
4|Differences Between the Groups by Sociodemographic and Background Variables|118
3|Self-Harm, Self-Control, Aggression, and Traditionalism|119
3|Discussion|120
3|Self-Harm, Aggression, Self-Control, and Traditionalism|121
3|References|123
2|Chapter 8: Transphobic Femicide: An Intersectional Perspective|127
3|Introduction|127
3|Conceptual Frameworks|128
4|Concept of Transgenderism|128
4|Concept of Femicide|129
3|Theoretical Perspective – Intersectional Perspective|130
3|Literature Review on Homicide of Transgender People|131
4|Nature and Extent of Transphobic Femicide in United States|132
3|Understanding the Overrepresentation of Transgender Women as Femicide Victims|133
3|Response to the Femicide of Black Transgender Women|137
3|Conclusion|138
3|References|139
2|Chapter 9: Maritime Piracy Victimization of Seafarers and Their Families|142
3|Introduction|142
3|Maritime Piracy: A ‘Signal Crime’ for Seafarers|143
3|Literature Review|143
3|Criminalizing Maritime Piracy|143
3|Conceptualizing Maritime Piracy ‘Harm Footprints’|145
3|Research Study|146
4|Purpose of the Study|146
4|Methodology|146
4|Description of Sample|147
3|Research Findings|147
4|Fear of Victimization|147
4|Direct Maritime Piracy Victimization|149
4|Indirect Maritime Piracy Victimization|152
4|Indirect Victimization of Seafarer’s Family Members|153
3|Discussion and Conclusion|154
3|References|156
2|Chapter 10: Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking in the United States: A Victim-Centered Approach|158
3|Introduction|158
3|Definitions of Human Trafficking|158
3|Child Sex Trafficking|160
3|Victim Centered Approach|160
3|Scope of the Problem|161
3|Victim Demographics|161
3|Risk Factors|162
3|Applying the Victim-Centered Approach|163
4|Responses to Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking Victims|163
5|Legislative Responses|163
5|Social Services Responses to DMST Victims|165
3|Prevention of DMST|166
3|Conclusion|167
3|References|168
2|Chapter 11: Findings From an Intervention on the Prevention of Sexual Abuse of Children From Mayan Communities in Mexico|171
3|Child Sexual Abuse|171
3|“Word of Mouth: No One Touches My Body” Program|175
3|The Community|177
3|Program Evaluation|178
4|What to do in a situation of risk?|179
3|Conclusions|181
3|References|182
1|Part III: Victims’ Rights and Participation in the Criminal Justice System|184
2|Chapter 12: What Can We Achieve by 2030? Rights for Victims of Crime in the Era of Sustainable Development Goals|185
3|Introduction|185
3|Progress Since the UN General Assembly Resolution on Victim Rights|186
3|Prevalence of Crime and Victimization|187
3|Impact, Consequences and Costs of Interpersonal Violence|187
3|Preventing Victimization|188
3|Meeting Needs of Victims|189
3|Developments at UN Provide Potential for Transformations in Favor of Victims|190
4|Intergovernmental Consensus on Stopping Victimization and Rights for Victims|190
3|Why Should We Care About the Sustainable Development Goals?|191
3|How Can Victimologists Use the SDG’S and Their Knowledge|192
4|Road Maps|192
3|Inspire|193
3|Victim Rights Convention|193
3|So How Do We Achieve These Rights for Victims of Crime?|194
3|Building Awareness Through Social Media|194
3|Conclusion|195
3|References|195
2|Chapter 13: The Value of Legal Provisions for an Adequate Treatment of Victims of Crime: Does the Victims’ Rights Directive of the European Union Set a New Benchmark?|198
3|Introduction|198
3|The Path to the EU Victims’ Rights Directive|199
3|Objectives, Fundamental Principles and Content of the Victims’ Rights Directive|201
4|Objectives|201
4|Victims|202
4|Fundamental Principles|204
5|Individual Approach – Particular Vulnerability|204
5|Scope of the Victim Protection Standards|206
5|Legal Status of Victims|207
6|Victims as a Party to Criminal Proceedings?|207
6|“Rights” of Victims|208
5|Fair Trial|209
5|Access to Justice|210
3|Conclusion|211
3|References|212
2|Chapter 14: Ensuring Victims’ Participation in the Criminal Justice System of the United States of America|214
3|Personal Comments|214
3|Introduction|215
3|The Victim’s Legal Standing in the US|218
3|Applications to Enhance Victim Participation|218
3|US Victim Participation in the Future|220
3|Concluding Comments|221
3|References|222
2|Chapter 15: Improving Access to Justice: Procedural Justice Through Legal Counsel for Victims of Crime|224
3|Introduction|224
3|Crime-Victims’ Needs|225
3|Procedural Justice|226
3|A Tripartite Criminal Justice System|227
3|Commissioners for Victims’ Rights|229
3|Legal Counsel for Victims in South Australia|229
3|Case A – Victim Competency and Compellability|230
3|Case B – A Suppression Order to Prevent Undue Hardship|230
3|Case C – Consultation on Charge Bargain|231
3|Case D – Addressing a Victim’s Safety Concerns|231
3|Case E – Ensuring Access to Justice|232
3|Case F – Procedural Fairness for Victim, Due Process for Defendant|232
3|Case G – Furnishing Particulars on the Harm Done|233
3|Case H – Negotiating on the Right to Restitution|233
3|Case I – The Right to Cross-Examine Witnesses|234
3|Nudging Towards a Tripartite Criminal Justice System|235
3|Conclusion|235
3|References|236
2|Chapter 16: Victims Behind the Model Minority Myth: Are Asian Americans Model Victims?|241
3|Introduction|241
3|Historical Overview of Asian Americans|242
3|Disparities Among Asian Americans|243
3|Model Minority Stereotype in the Criminal Justice System and its Negative Consequences|245
3|Help-Seeking Attitudes of Asian Victims|247
3|Attitude of Professionals Toward Asian Americans|248
3|Moving Forward|248
3|References|250
1|Part IV: Practical Dimensions of Victimology|253
2|Chapter 17: Victim-Initiated Restorative Justice|254
3|Introduction|254
3|Predominant Referral Practices to RJ in Germany and UK|255
3|Some Reflections Regarding the Reluctance of Victims to Contact VS and RJ|257
3|Victim’s Reactions Towards Victimization|258
3|Offender-Initiated RJ Processes|259
4|Extending the Use of RJ|261
3|Recommendations|262
4|Abolition of Obstacles|262
4|Developing Wider Public Awareness About RJ|263
3|Conclusion|264
3|References|265
2|Chapter 18: Restorative Justice Implemented by the Judiciary in Brazil: Results and the Role of the Victim|269
3|Introduction|269
4|Principles of Restorative Justice|270
3|Restorative Justice in Brazil|273
3|Research on Restorative Justice in Brazil|273
3|Purposes of Restorative Justice in Brazil|274
3|Encounter, Repair and Transformation: The Triple Aim of Restorative Justice|275
3|Crime Types: Petty Offences, Offences Committed by Young Offenders and Domestic Violence Offences|276
3|Restorative Justice Myths|277
3|Restorative Justice in Brazil: Suggestions for Improvement|278
3|References|280
2|Chapter 19: Introducing Restorative Approaches in Prison Settings: An Example of a Victim Awareness Program in Serbia|283
3|Introduction|283
3|Raising Awareness About the Impact of a Crime on a Victim and on Restorative Justice: Experience of the Victimology Society of Serbia|285
4|The Aims and the Content of the Victim Awareness Program|286
4|Preparing for the Program Implementation|287
4|Methodology of the Victim Awareness Program|288
4|Implementing the Program|289
4|Program Evaluation|291
4|Assessment of the Victim Awareness Program in Serbia|292
3|Conclusion|294
3|References|295
2|Chapter 20: Restitution: Helping Victims or Offenders?|297
3|Securing Justice and Assistance for Victims|298
3|Restitution in the Canadian Criminal Justice System|299
3|Objectives|299
3|Practice|300
3|Obtaining Payment|301
3|Helping Victims|302
3|Compensation Orders in England and Wales|303
3|Restitution Orders in the Netherlands|303
3|Reparative Justice|304
3|Conclusion|306
3|References|306
2|Chapter 21: Evaluating the Challenges to Victim Services in North America|309
3|Introduction|309
3|Victim Assistance|311
3|Improving Strategic Planning|312
3|Focusing on Evidence-Based Practices and Applied Research|312
3|Integration of Technology and Inspiring Innovation|314
3|Funding for Victim Assistance Programs|318
3|International Collaboration and Victim Assistance|319
3|Summary|320
3|References|320
2|Chapter 22: Applied Victimology: The Professional Practice of Victimology|323
3|Introduction|323
3|Background|324
3|The Gap|325
3|Bridging the Gap: Applied Victimology|327
3|A Suggested Curriculum|328
3|Conclusions|330
3|References|330
1|Index|332