File #2818: "2020_Book_UnderstandingRecruitmentToOrga.pdf"
Testo
1|Contents|5
1|About the Editors|7
1|Introduction|9
2|Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism|13
2|Recruitment to Organized Crime|14
2|The Studies|16
2|Overlap and Distinctive Patterns: What We Learned|20
2|Conclusions and Policy Recommendations|23
2|References|24
1|Part I: Factors Affecting Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism|30
2|What Is the State of the Quantitative Literature on Risk Factors for Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism?|31
3|Introduction|31
3|A Review of Prior Reviews|33
4|Limiting Inclusion Criteria in Radicalization Research Synthesis|37
3|The Current Study|39
4|Context: Separating Between Democratic and Non-democratic Countries|40
4|Research Designs|40
4|Outcomes|41
3|Search Strategy|41
3|Results|41
4|Publications by Year|42
4|Context|43
4|Populations|44
4|Authorship|44
4|Dependent Variable|45
4|Data Sources|46
4|Methodologies|47
4|Most Commonly Examined Factors|47
4|Results from Meta-analysis|49
3|Discussion and Conclusions|50
3|References|55
2|Resilience against Political and Religious Extremism, Radicalization, and Related Violence: A Systematic Review of Studies on Protective Factors|60
3|Introduction|60
4|Protective Factors and Resilience|61
3|Method|63
4|Eligibility of Studies|63
4|Literature Search|64
4|Coding|65
4|Descriptive Characteristics of the Dataset|66
3|Results|67
4|Results of the Quantitative Studies|67
4|Results of the Qualitative Studies|70
3|Discussion|71
4|Discussion of the Quantitative Studies|72
4|Qualitative Studies|74
4|Relations to Various Theories|74
4|Limitations of Our Review|75
3|Practical Conclusions|76
3|Appendix|77
3|References|84
4|∗ Quantitative studies included in this review|84
4|† Qualitative studies included in this review|84
2|Terrorist Recidivism in Israel: Rates, Patterns and Risk Factors|90
3|Introduction|90
4|Terrorist Recidivism|91
4|Risk Factors for Recidivism to Terrorism Offending|93
3|The Current Study|95
3|Methods|95
4|Data|95
4|Variables|96
4|Analysis|98
3|Results|98
4|Recidivism Rates|98
4|History of Prior Security Convictions|98
4|Age at Time of Release|99
4|Age at First Incarceration|99
4|Length of Sentence Served|100
4|Offence Type|101
4|Affiliation|102
4|Marital Status|102
3|Discussion|102
3|Conclusions|106
3|References|106
2|Unintended Negative Outcomes of Counter-Terrorism Policing: Procedural (in)Justice and Perceived Risk of Recruitment into Terrorism|110
3|Introduction|110
3|Procedural (in)Justice Theory and Terrorism Recruitment|112
3|Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in the United Kingdom|115
3|Data and Methods|117
4|The Procedure|117
5|Basic Sample Characteristics|118
3|Results|119
3|Discussion and Conclusion|120
3|References|122
2|The Link Between Prior Criminal Record and Violent Political Extremism in the United States|125
3|Introduction|125
3|Literature Review|127
4|Previous Criminal Behavior|127
4|Crime Specialization and Diversity|128
4|Age of Onset and Violent Crime|129
3|Research Questions|130
3|Data|130
3|Descriptive Results|132
4|Pre-radicalization Crime Rates of U.S. Extremists|133
4|Pre-radicalization Criminal Activity of U.S. Extremists|135
4|Age of Crime Onset|137
3|Multivariate Analysis|138
4|Control Variables|139
4|Missing Data|140
3|Multivariate Results|140
3|Limitations|143
3|Discussion|144
3|Conclusion|145
3|References|146
2|Testing a Threat Model of Terrorism: A Multi-method Study About Socio-Economic and Psychological Influences on Terrorism Involvement in the Netherlands|151
3|Introduction|151
3|The Socio-Political Context of the Study|153
3|Previous Insights on Socio-Economic Influences and Psychological Processes Related to Terrorism Involvement|156
3|A Threat Model of Terrorism|158
3|Study 1: Socio-economic determinants of terrorism|159
3|Study 2: Qualitative Analysis of Perceived Threat and Individual Involvement in Terrorism|164
3|Conclusion and Discussion|170
3|References|172
1|Part II: Factors Affecting Recruitment to Organized Crime|176
2|Systematic Review of the Social, Psychological and Economic Factors Relating to Involvement and Recruitment into Organized Crime|177
3|Background: Recruitment into Organized Crime|177
3|Methodology|179
4|Operational Definitions of Organized Crime|179
4|Search Strategy and Selection of the Relevant Studies|181
3|Results|182
4|Description of the Included Studies|182
4|Social, Psychological, and Economic Factors Relating to Recruitment to Organized Crime Groups|192
5|Age|192
5|Gender|193
5|Ethnicity|193
5|Educational Background|194
5|Employment|194
5|Economic Conditions|194
5|Social Ties|195
5|Group Identity|196
5|Psychological Factors|196
5|Criminal Background and Skills|197
5|Silence/Omertà|198
3|Discussion|198
3|Conclusions|200
3|References|201
4|Studies Included in the Systematic Review|201
4|Other References|204
2|Socio-Economic Inequalities and Organized Crime: An Empirical Analysis|207
3|Introduction|207
3|Data|210
4|Measures of Organized Crime|210
4|Inequality and Socio-Economic Mobility|217
4|Other Covariates|218
3|Methodology|219
3|Results|220
4|Organized Crime and Inequality|220
4|Organized Crime and Socio-Economic Mobility|229
3|Discussion|229
3|Conclusions|239
3|References|240
2|The Criminal Careers of Italian Mafia Members|242
3|Introduction|242
3|Why Italian Mafiosi? What We Can Learn from Their Criminal Trajectory?|243
3|Merging Two Datasets: Variables and Their Robustness|243
3|The Analytical Framework: Macro, Meso, Micro Dimensions of the Criminal Careers of Italian Mafiosi|246
3|The Criminal Trajectories of Mafiosi|248
3|Similarities and Differences of Italian Mafiosi Across Their Criminal Organizations|251
3|When, Why and Where Do Mafiosi Enter in Their Criminal Organization?|255
3|Discussion and Conclusions|264
3|References|266
2|Investigating the Psychological Profile of Organized Crime Members|269
3|Introduction|269
3|Materials and Methods|270
4|Participants|270
4|Tests|271
4|Statistical Analyses|271
4|Results|271
4|Discussion|272
3|References|273
2|Traffickers in Transit: Analysing the Logistics and Involvement Mechanisms of Organised Crime at Logistical Nodes in the Netherlands: Empirical Results of the Dutch Organised Crime Monitor|276
3|Introduction|276
3|Becoming Involved in Transit Crime|278
4|Involvement Mechanisms in Organised Crime|278
4|Transit Crime and Logistical Nodes in the Netherlands|279
5|Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|280
5|Port of Rotterdam|281
4|International Drug Trafficking: A Short Crime Script|281
3|Data and Methods|282
3|Empirical Results|284
4|Short Description of Criminal Networks|284
4|Logistical Bottlenecks: Getting the Drugs Through|284
5|Defying Security Checks|286
5|Avoiding Security Checks|286
5|Neutralising Security Checks|288
5|Differences Between Airport and Seaport|288
5|Required Skills and Assets|289
4|Occupational Embeddedness|289
4|Social Embeddedness|292
4|Becoming and Staying Involved in Organised Drug Trafficking|295
5|Becoming Involved|295
5|Staying Involved|297
3|Conclusion and Discussion|299
4|Empirical Results|299
4|Insight into Involvement Mechanisms for Organised Crime|300
4|Enhancing (Air)port Security|301
4|Directions for Future Research|302
3|The Cases|303
4|Airport Cases|303
4|Seaport Cases|304
3|References|305
2|Delinquent Development, Employment and Income in a Sample of Dutch Organized Crime Offenders: Shape, Content, and Correlates of Delinquent Trajectories from Age 12 to 65|308
3|Introduction|308
3|Earlier Findings From the Dutch Organized Crime Monitor|309
3|Methods|312
4|Data|313
5|Organized Crime Monitor|313
5|Dutch Offender Index|313
5|Statistics Netherlands|314
4|Analyses|315
5|Fixed Effects Models|315
5|Group-based Trajectory Models|315
3|Results|316
4|Characteristics of the Offender Sample|316
5|Offending Over the Life Course|316
5|Life-course Outcomes: Education, Employment and Income|316
4|Offending and Life Outcomes Distinguished by Role in Criminal Organization|320
5|Descriptives of Role in the Criminal Organization|320
5|Link Between Employment and Crime: Leaders and Coordinators|320
4|Offending and Life Outcomes Distinguished by Type of Organized Crime|323
5|Descriptives of the Type of Organized Crime|323
5|Link Between Employment and Crime: Different Types of Organized Crime|323
4|Offending and Life Outcomes Distinguished by Offending Trajectories Over the Life-Course|325
5|Description of Developmental Trajectories and Their Link to Offending Characteristics|325
3|Discussion|330
3|Bayesian Information Criterion Values per Model|332
3|References|333
1|Index|335
1|About the Editors|7
1|Introduction|9
2|Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism|13
2|Recruitment to Organized Crime|14
2|The Studies|16
2|Overlap and Distinctive Patterns: What We Learned|20
2|Conclusions and Policy Recommendations|23
2|References|24
1|Part I: Factors Affecting Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism|30
2|What Is the State of the Quantitative Literature on Risk Factors for Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism?|31
3|Introduction|31
3|A Review of Prior Reviews|33
4|Limiting Inclusion Criteria in Radicalization Research Synthesis|37
3|The Current Study|39
4|Context: Separating Between Democratic and Non-democratic Countries|40
4|Research Designs|40
4|Outcomes|41
3|Search Strategy|41
3|Results|41
4|Publications by Year|42
4|Context|43
4|Populations|44
4|Authorship|44
4|Dependent Variable|45
4|Data Sources|46
4|Methodologies|47
4|Most Commonly Examined Factors|47
4|Results from Meta-analysis|49
3|Discussion and Conclusions|50
3|References|55
2|Resilience against Political and Religious Extremism, Radicalization, and Related Violence: A Systematic Review of Studies on Protective Factors|60
3|Introduction|60
4|Protective Factors and Resilience|61
3|Method|63
4|Eligibility of Studies|63
4|Literature Search|64
4|Coding|65
4|Descriptive Characteristics of the Dataset|66
3|Results|67
4|Results of the Quantitative Studies|67
4|Results of the Qualitative Studies|70
3|Discussion|71
4|Discussion of the Quantitative Studies|72
4|Qualitative Studies|74
4|Relations to Various Theories|74
4|Limitations of Our Review|75
3|Practical Conclusions|76
3|Appendix|77
3|References|84
4|∗ Quantitative studies included in this review|84
4|† Qualitative studies included in this review|84
2|Terrorist Recidivism in Israel: Rates, Patterns and Risk Factors|90
3|Introduction|90
4|Terrorist Recidivism|91
4|Risk Factors for Recidivism to Terrorism Offending|93
3|The Current Study|95
3|Methods|95
4|Data|95
4|Variables|96
4|Analysis|98
3|Results|98
4|Recidivism Rates|98
4|History of Prior Security Convictions|98
4|Age at Time of Release|99
4|Age at First Incarceration|99
4|Length of Sentence Served|100
4|Offence Type|101
4|Affiliation|102
4|Marital Status|102
3|Discussion|102
3|Conclusions|106
3|References|106
2|Unintended Negative Outcomes of Counter-Terrorism Policing: Procedural (in)Justice and Perceived Risk of Recruitment into Terrorism|110
3|Introduction|110
3|Procedural (in)Justice Theory and Terrorism Recruitment|112
3|Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in the United Kingdom|115
3|Data and Methods|117
4|The Procedure|117
5|Basic Sample Characteristics|118
3|Results|119
3|Discussion and Conclusion|120
3|References|122
2|The Link Between Prior Criminal Record and Violent Political Extremism in the United States|125
3|Introduction|125
3|Literature Review|127
4|Previous Criminal Behavior|127
4|Crime Specialization and Diversity|128
4|Age of Onset and Violent Crime|129
3|Research Questions|130
3|Data|130
3|Descriptive Results|132
4|Pre-radicalization Crime Rates of U.S. Extremists|133
4|Pre-radicalization Criminal Activity of U.S. Extremists|135
4|Age of Crime Onset|137
3|Multivariate Analysis|138
4|Control Variables|139
4|Missing Data|140
3|Multivariate Results|140
3|Limitations|143
3|Discussion|144
3|Conclusion|145
3|References|146
2|Testing a Threat Model of Terrorism: A Multi-method Study About Socio-Economic and Psychological Influences on Terrorism Involvement in the Netherlands|151
3|Introduction|151
3|The Socio-Political Context of the Study|153
3|Previous Insights on Socio-Economic Influences and Psychological Processes Related to Terrorism Involvement|156
3|A Threat Model of Terrorism|158
3|Study 1: Socio-economic determinants of terrorism|159
3|Study 2: Qualitative Analysis of Perceived Threat and Individual Involvement in Terrorism|164
3|Conclusion and Discussion|170
3|References|172
1|Part II: Factors Affecting Recruitment to Organized Crime|176
2|Systematic Review of the Social, Psychological and Economic Factors Relating to Involvement and Recruitment into Organized Crime|177
3|Background: Recruitment into Organized Crime|177
3|Methodology|179
4|Operational Definitions of Organized Crime|179
4|Search Strategy and Selection of the Relevant Studies|181
3|Results|182
4|Description of the Included Studies|182
4|Social, Psychological, and Economic Factors Relating to Recruitment to Organized Crime Groups|192
5|Age|192
5|Gender|193
5|Ethnicity|193
5|Educational Background|194
5|Employment|194
5|Economic Conditions|194
5|Social Ties|195
5|Group Identity|196
5|Psychological Factors|196
5|Criminal Background and Skills|197
5|Silence/Omertà|198
3|Discussion|198
3|Conclusions|200
3|References|201
4|Studies Included in the Systematic Review|201
4|Other References|204
2|Socio-Economic Inequalities and Organized Crime: An Empirical Analysis|207
3|Introduction|207
3|Data|210
4|Measures of Organized Crime|210
4|Inequality and Socio-Economic Mobility|217
4|Other Covariates|218
3|Methodology|219
3|Results|220
4|Organized Crime and Inequality|220
4|Organized Crime and Socio-Economic Mobility|229
3|Discussion|229
3|Conclusions|239
3|References|240
2|The Criminal Careers of Italian Mafia Members|242
3|Introduction|242
3|Why Italian Mafiosi? What We Can Learn from Their Criminal Trajectory?|243
3|Merging Two Datasets: Variables and Their Robustness|243
3|The Analytical Framework: Macro, Meso, Micro Dimensions of the Criminal Careers of Italian Mafiosi|246
3|The Criminal Trajectories of Mafiosi|248
3|Similarities and Differences of Italian Mafiosi Across Their Criminal Organizations|251
3|When, Why and Where Do Mafiosi Enter in Their Criminal Organization?|255
3|Discussion and Conclusions|264
3|References|266
2|Investigating the Psychological Profile of Organized Crime Members|269
3|Introduction|269
3|Materials and Methods|270
4|Participants|270
4|Tests|271
4|Statistical Analyses|271
4|Results|271
4|Discussion|272
3|References|273
2|Traffickers in Transit: Analysing the Logistics and Involvement Mechanisms of Organised Crime at Logistical Nodes in the Netherlands: Empirical Results of the Dutch Organised Crime Monitor|276
3|Introduction|276
3|Becoming Involved in Transit Crime|278
4|Involvement Mechanisms in Organised Crime|278
4|Transit Crime and Logistical Nodes in the Netherlands|279
5|Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|280
5|Port of Rotterdam|281
4|International Drug Trafficking: A Short Crime Script|281
3|Data and Methods|282
3|Empirical Results|284
4|Short Description of Criminal Networks|284
4|Logistical Bottlenecks: Getting the Drugs Through|284
5|Defying Security Checks|286
5|Avoiding Security Checks|286
5|Neutralising Security Checks|288
5|Differences Between Airport and Seaport|288
5|Required Skills and Assets|289
4|Occupational Embeddedness|289
4|Social Embeddedness|292
4|Becoming and Staying Involved in Organised Drug Trafficking|295
5|Becoming Involved|295
5|Staying Involved|297
3|Conclusion and Discussion|299
4|Empirical Results|299
4|Insight into Involvement Mechanisms for Organised Crime|300
4|Enhancing (Air)port Security|301
4|Directions for Future Research|302
3|The Cases|303
4|Airport Cases|303
4|Seaport Cases|304
3|References|305
2|Delinquent Development, Employment and Income in a Sample of Dutch Organized Crime Offenders: Shape, Content, and Correlates of Delinquent Trajectories from Age 12 to 65|308
3|Introduction|308
3|Earlier Findings From the Dutch Organized Crime Monitor|309
3|Methods|312
4|Data|313
5|Organized Crime Monitor|313
5|Dutch Offender Index|313
5|Statistics Netherlands|314
4|Analyses|315
5|Fixed Effects Models|315
5|Group-based Trajectory Models|315
3|Results|316
4|Characteristics of the Offender Sample|316
5|Offending Over the Life Course|316
5|Life-course Outcomes: Education, Employment and Income|316
4|Offending and Life Outcomes Distinguished by Role in Criminal Organization|320
5|Descriptives of Role in the Criminal Organization|320
5|Link Between Employment and Crime: Leaders and Coordinators|320
4|Offending and Life Outcomes Distinguished by Type of Organized Crime|323
5|Descriptives of the Type of Organized Crime|323
5|Link Between Employment and Crime: Different Types of Organized Crime|323
4|Offending and Life Outcomes Distinguished by Offending Trajectories Over the Life-Course|325
5|Description of Developmental Trajectories and Their Link to Offending Characteristics|325
3|Discussion|330
3|Bayesian Information Criterion Values per Model|332
3|References|333
1|Index|335