File #2328: "2018_Book_GlobalJusticeHumanRightsAndThe.pdf"
Text
1|Preface|5
1|Contents|8
1|About the Contributors|10
1|List of Abbreviations|15
1|Table of Cases|20
1|Part I: Global Justice and Changes in the International Community|28
2|The Impact of Individuals and Other Non-State Actors on Contemporary International Law|29
3|1 Introduction|29
3|2 The Assigned Place to Non-State Actors in Contemporary International Law|32
4|2.1 The Consecration of the Statute of Non-State Actors|32
4|2.2 Non-State Actors as Beneficiaries of International Law|34
3|3 Transformation of International Contemporary Law by Non-State Actors|36
4|3.1 The Contribution of Non-State Actors to the Elaboration of International Law|36
4|3.2 The Contribution of Non-State Actors to the Law of International Responsibility|38
3|References|41
2|State Sovereignty: Balancing Effectiveness and Legality/Legitimacy|43
3|1 Introduction|43
3|2 Theoretical Arguments Against Effectiveness|45
3|3 Practical Arguments Against Effectiveness|46
3|4 A Critical Appraisal of “Legalist” Theses|47
4|4.1 Does Illegality Exclude Statehood?|49
4|4.2 The Effects of Non-recognition|51
4|4.3 Functional Realities and Issues of Justice|54
3|5 Issues of Legitimacy and State Sovereignty|57
3|6 Conclusions|60
3|References|62
2|Claims Concerning Obligations Erga Omnes in the Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice|65
3|1 Introduction|65
3|2 Standing of the Claimant State|66
3|3 Jurisdiction of the Court|68
3|4 Object of the Claim|70
3|5 Concluding Remarks|71
3|References|71
2|From a Community of States Towards a Universal Community?|73
3|1 Identity: From the International Community of States to the “International Community as a Whole”|74
4|1.1 The Inception Phase|74
4|1.2 The Development Phase|76
4|1.3 A Period of Relative Decline?|77
3|2 Legal Nature of the “International Community as a Whole”. Outline of a Theory|79
4|2.1 Community as a Legal Fiction|79
3|3 Who Is in Charge of Protecting and Defending the Interests of This Community?|83
4|3.1 The Role of State Responsibility|84
4|3.2 The Role of the Judge|87
3|References|90
1|Part II: Global Justice and Modernization of the Sources of General International Law|93
2|Methods of Identification of International Custom: A New Role for Opinio Juris?|94
3|1 Introduction|95
3|2 A Separate Method of Ascertaining Rules of Customary International Law in Different Branches of International Law?|97
4|2.1 Criticism of the Traditional Method of Ascertaining Customary International Law|97
4|2.2 Humanity, Public Conscience, and Other Fundamental Moral Principles|100
3|3 A New Role for Opinio Juris in the Formation and Identification of Rules of Customary International Law|105
4|3.1 Redefining Opinio Juris|105
4|3.2 The Relationship of Opinio Juris and Practice|109
5|3.2.1 Varying Weight of Opinio Juris and Practice|109
5|3.2.2 Inconsistencies in Practice and Contradictions Between Practice and Opinio Juris|111
5|3.2.3 Verbal Practice|114
5|3.2.4 Practice Within States (or the Reasons for a Lack thereof) and a Lack of Protest Against Breaches of Certain Rules|120
4|3.3 International Organisations and Other Non-State Actors as Actors in the Formation of International Customary Law|122
4|3.4 Treaties, Resolutions, and Decisions of International Courts and Tribunals as Evidence of Customary International Law|127
3|4 Ethics and Customary International Law|130
3|5 Concluding Remarks|132
3|References|134
2|General Principles of International Law: From Rules to Values?|137
3|1 Introduction|138
3|2 Principles in the General Theory of Law|139
4|2.1 Positivism and New Natural Law Theories. The General Foundation of Law|140
5|2.1.1 Positivism|140
5|2.1.2 New Natural Law Theories|141
5|2.1.3 Impact of the Two Theories on the Issue of Principles of Law|141
4|2.2 Notion and Foundation of the Principles of Law|142
5|2.2.1 Positivism|142
5|2.2.2 Neo-Constitutionalism|142
4|2.3 Methods of Construing or Identifying Principles|143
5|2.3.1 Positivism|143
5|2.3.2 Neo-Constitutionalism|143
4|2.4 Distinctions Between Principles and Rules (or Norms of Detail)|144
5|2.4.1 Principles as an Expression of a “Reason”. Rules and Principles Work in Different Ways|144
5|2.4.2 The ‘Weight’ or ‘Importance’ Dimension of Principles. Rules and Principles Resolve Regulatory Conflicts in Different Ways. Balance of Principles|145
5|2.4.3 Other Distinctions: Principles as General, Vague or Fundamental Norms|145
4|2.5 Functions of Principles|146
5|2.5.1 Positivism|146
5|2.5.2 Neo-Constitutionalism|146
4|2.6 Concluding Remarks on Principles in the General Theory of Law|147
3|3 The General Principles of International Law: Various Doctrinal Positions|147
4|3.1 Foreword|147
4|3.2 Theses That Deny the Existence of General Principles|151
4|3.3 Theses Admitting Only General Principles Recognized in Foro Domestico|151
4|3.4 Theses That Admit the Existence of the General Principles of International Law|152
5|3.4.1 Principles of Legal Logic or at the Basis of Any Legal System|152
5|3.4.2 Principles Derived from the Very Structure of the International Legal Order|153
5|3.4.3 Principles Derived from Customary Norms and/or Treaties by Abstraction or Induction|154
5|3.4.4 Principles Derived from the International Community’s Awareness of a Need|155
5|3.4.5 Principles Derived from General Recognition by the International Community|156
5|3.4.6 Principles That Always Have the Character of Jus Cogens|158
5|3.4.7 “Mixed” or “Hybrid” Theses|158
4|3.5 Functions of the Principles of International Law|158
5|3.5.1 Interpretation|159
5|3.5.2 Gap-Filling|159
5|3.5.3 Progressive Development of the Law|160
5|3.5.4 Balancing of Conflicting Principles|160
5|3.5.5 “Corrective” Function|161
3|4 Our Thesis on the General Principles of International Law|161
4|4.1 Three Categories of General Principles|161
4|4.2 First Category: Principles Derived from Existing Customary Norms by a Process of Abstraction or Induction|162
5|4.2.1 Notion and Foundation|162
5|4.2.2 Method of Construction or Identification|164
5|4.2.3 Distinctions Between These Principles and Customary Norms|164
5|4.2.4 Functions|165
4|4.3 Second Category: Principles Recognized by the International Community as Binding (and Sometimes Also Peremptory)|166
5|4.3.1 Notion and Foundation|166
6|4.3.1.1 Non-peremptory Principles|167
6|4.3.1.2 Peremptory Principles|170
5|4.3.2 Method of Construction or Identification|172
5|4.3.3 Distinctions Between These Principles and Customary Norms|173
5|4.3.4 Functions|174
4|4.4 Third Category: Principles Recognized by the International Community as Programmatic|174
5|4.4.1 Notion and Foundation|174
5|4.4.2 Method of Construction or Identification|178
5|4.4.3 Distinctions Between These Principles and Customary Norms|179
5|4.4.4 Functions|179
3|5 Conclusion|179
3|References|181
4|Further Reading|184
2|What Was Not Meant to Be: General Principles of Law as a Source of International Law|186
3|1 The Reinvention of General Principles of Law as a Source of International Law in the Twentieth Century|188
3|2 The Miserable Fate of General Principles of Law as a Source of International Law|192
3|3 The Expansionist Potential of General Principles of Law as a Source of International Law|194
3|4 General Principles of Law Oscillating Between Law-Ascertainment and Content-Determination|198
3|5 Concluding Remarks: The Myths and Histories Around General Principles of Law|203
3|References|204
2|General International Law: A New Source of International Law?|208
3|1 Introduction|208
3|2 Categorization of GIL as One of the “Classical” Sources?|212
4|2.1 Treaties|212
4|2.2 General Principles of Law|215
4|2.3 Customary Law|218
3|3 Conclusions|224
3|References|225
2|Conflicts Between State-Centred and Human-Centred International Norms|228
3|1 Introduction|229
3|2 The Concepts of State-Centred and Human-Centred Norms in International Law|230
3|3 The Relationship Between Fundamental Values and Human-Centred Norms in International Law|231
3|4 Human-Centred Norms v. State-Centred Norms in International Law: The Terms of a Difficult Relationship|232
4|4.1 International Law: A Value Oriented Legal System Despite the Lack of a Formal Organisation?|232
4|4.2 General Principles and Jus Cogens: The Channels of Communication Between the Structure of International Law and Fundamental Values|235
3|5 The Conflict Between State-Centred and Human-Centred Norms Through the Prism of the Italian Case-Law on Foreign Immunity|237
3|6 The Inapplicability of the Hierarchical Method for Solving Conflicts of Norms in General International Law|238
3|7 Concluding Remarks: The Possible Developments of Fundamental Values in International Law|242
3|References|243
1|Part III: New Goals for Humanity in the UN Sustainable Development Agenda|246
2|Global Justice, Equality and Social Inclusion: What Kind of “Modernization” of International Law?|247
3|1 Introduction|247
3|2 Modernization and Its Pitfalls|249
3|3 Individualism and Social Justice|253
3|4 A Way Forward|254
3|References|259
2|Still Three Different Status for Aliens, Citizens and Human Persons?|261
3|1 Opening Remarks|261
3|2 The “Light” Side of Nationality: Nationality as an Individual Right or a Basis for Enjoying Fundamental Rights|263
4|2.1 Nationality as a Legal Status: The Shift from Nationality to Residence|265
3|3 The “Dark” Side of Nationality|268
4|3.1 Using Nationality as a Means for Discriminating Against Categories of Aliens: The “Muslim Ban”|268
4|3.2 “Legal Nationalism” and Treatment of Immigrants: Insights from the X and X v. État belge Case|271
3|4 Concluding Remarks: Pleading for the Principle of Non-discrimination as an Autonomous Right|273
3|References|275
2|The Influence of Environmental Protection on the Fabric of International Law|277
3|1 Introduction|278
3|2 Protection of the Environment Through “Principles”|279
3|3 Protection of the Environment as a “Branch” of International Law|282
3|4 Protection of the Environment as a “Perspective”|285
3|5 Concluding Observations|288
3|References|288
1|Index|290
1|Contents|8
1|About the Contributors|10
1|List of Abbreviations|15
1|Table of Cases|20
1|Part I: Global Justice and Changes in the International Community|28
2|The Impact of Individuals and Other Non-State Actors on Contemporary International Law|29
3|1 Introduction|29
3|2 The Assigned Place to Non-State Actors in Contemporary International Law|32
4|2.1 The Consecration of the Statute of Non-State Actors|32
4|2.2 Non-State Actors as Beneficiaries of International Law|34
3|3 Transformation of International Contemporary Law by Non-State Actors|36
4|3.1 The Contribution of Non-State Actors to the Elaboration of International Law|36
4|3.2 The Contribution of Non-State Actors to the Law of International Responsibility|38
3|References|41
2|State Sovereignty: Balancing Effectiveness and Legality/Legitimacy|43
3|1 Introduction|43
3|2 Theoretical Arguments Against Effectiveness|45
3|3 Practical Arguments Against Effectiveness|46
3|4 A Critical Appraisal of “Legalist” Theses|47
4|4.1 Does Illegality Exclude Statehood?|49
4|4.2 The Effects of Non-recognition|51
4|4.3 Functional Realities and Issues of Justice|54
3|5 Issues of Legitimacy and State Sovereignty|57
3|6 Conclusions|60
3|References|62
2|Claims Concerning Obligations Erga Omnes in the Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice|65
3|1 Introduction|65
3|2 Standing of the Claimant State|66
3|3 Jurisdiction of the Court|68
3|4 Object of the Claim|70
3|5 Concluding Remarks|71
3|References|71
2|From a Community of States Towards a Universal Community?|73
3|1 Identity: From the International Community of States to the “International Community as a Whole”|74
4|1.1 The Inception Phase|74
4|1.2 The Development Phase|76
4|1.3 A Period of Relative Decline?|77
3|2 Legal Nature of the “International Community as a Whole”. Outline of a Theory|79
4|2.1 Community as a Legal Fiction|79
3|3 Who Is in Charge of Protecting and Defending the Interests of This Community?|83
4|3.1 The Role of State Responsibility|84
4|3.2 The Role of the Judge|87
3|References|90
1|Part II: Global Justice and Modernization of the Sources of General International Law|93
2|Methods of Identification of International Custom: A New Role for Opinio Juris?|94
3|1 Introduction|95
3|2 A Separate Method of Ascertaining Rules of Customary International Law in Different Branches of International Law?|97
4|2.1 Criticism of the Traditional Method of Ascertaining Customary International Law|97
4|2.2 Humanity, Public Conscience, and Other Fundamental Moral Principles|100
3|3 A New Role for Opinio Juris in the Formation and Identification of Rules of Customary International Law|105
4|3.1 Redefining Opinio Juris|105
4|3.2 The Relationship of Opinio Juris and Practice|109
5|3.2.1 Varying Weight of Opinio Juris and Practice|109
5|3.2.2 Inconsistencies in Practice and Contradictions Between Practice and Opinio Juris|111
5|3.2.3 Verbal Practice|114
5|3.2.4 Practice Within States (or the Reasons for a Lack thereof) and a Lack of Protest Against Breaches of Certain Rules|120
4|3.3 International Organisations and Other Non-State Actors as Actors in the Formation of International Customary Law|122
4|3.4 Treaties, Resolutions, and Decisions of International Courts and Tribunals as Evidence of Customary International Law|127
3|4 Ethics and Customary International Law|130
3|5 Concluding Remarks|132
3|References|134
2|General Principles of International Law: From Rules to Values?|137
3|1 Introduction|138
3|2 Principles in the General Theory of Law|139
4|2.1 Positivism and New Natural Law Theories. The General Foundation of Law|140
5|2.1.1 Positivism|140
5|2.1.2 New Natural Law Theories|141
5|2.1.3 Impact of the Two Theories on the Issue of Principles of Law|141
4|2.2 Notion and Foundation of the Principles of Law|142
5|2.2.1 Positivism|142
5|2.2.2 Neo-Constitutionalism|142
4|2.3 Methods of Construing or Identifying Principles|143
5|2.3.1 Positivism|143
5|2.3.2 Neo-Constitutionalism|143
4|2.4 Distinctions Between Principles and Rules (or Norms of Detail)|144
5|2.4.1 Principles as an Expression of a “Reason”. Rules and Principles Work in Different Ways|144
5|2.4.2 The ‘Weight’ or ‘Importance’ Dimension of Principles. Rules and Principles Resolve Regulatory Conflicts in Different Ways. Balance of Principles|145
5|2.4.3 Other Distinctions: Principles as General, Vague or Fundamental Norms|145
4|2.5 Functions of Principles|146
5|2.5.1 Positivism|146
5|2.5.2 Neo-Constitutionalism|146
4|2.6 Concluding Remarks on Principles in the General Theory of Law|147
3|3 The General Principles of International Law: Various Doctrinal Positions|147
4|3.1 Foreword|147
4|3.2 Theses That Deny the Existence of General Principles|151
4|3.3 Theses Admitting Only General Principles Recognized in Foro Domestico|151
4|3.4 Theses That Admit the Existence of the General Principles of International Law|152
5|3.4.1 Principles of Legal Logic or at the Basis of Any Legal System|152
5|3.4.2 Principles Derived from the Very Structure of the International Legal Order|153
5|3.4.3 Principles Derived from Customary Norms and/or Treaties by Abstraction or Induction|154
5|3.4.4 Principles Derived from the International Community’s Awareness of a Need|155
5|3.4.5 Principles Derived from General Recognition by the International Community|156
5|3.4.6 Principles That Always Have the Character of Jus Cogens|158
5|3.4.7 “Mixed” or “Hybrid” Theses|158
4|3.5 Functions of the Principles of International Law|158
5|3.5.1 Interpretation|159
5|3.5.2 Gap-Filling|159
5|3.5.3 Progressive Development of the Law|160
5|3.5.4 Balancing of Conflicting Principles|160
5|3.5.5 “Corrective” Function|161
3|4 Our Thesis on the General Principles of International Law|161
4|4.1 Three Categories of General Principles|161
4|4.2 First Category: Principles Derived from Existing Customary Norms by a Process of Abstraction or Induction|162
5|4.2.1 Notion and Foundation|162
5|4.2.2 Method of Construction or Identification|164
5|4.2.3 Distinctions Between These Principles and Customary Norms|164
5|4.2.4 Functions|165
4|4.3 Second Category: Principles Recognized by the International Community as Binding (and Sometimes Also Peremptory)|166
5|4.3.1 Notion and Foundation|166
6|4.3.1.1 Non-peremptory Principles|167
6|4.3.1.2 Peremptory Principles|170
5|4.3.2 Method of Construction or Identification|172
5|4.3.3 Distinctions Between These Principles and Customary Norms|173
5|4.3.4 Functions|174
4|4.4 Third Category: Principles Recognized by the International Community as Programmatic|174
5|4.4.1 Notion and Foundation|174
5|4.4.2 Method of Construction or Identification|178
5|4.4.3 Distinctions Between These Principles and Customary Norms|179
5|4.4.4 Functions|179
3|5 Conclusion|179
3|References|181
4|Further Reading|184
2|What Was Not Meant to Be: General Principles of Law as a Source of International Law|186
3|1 The Reinvention of General Principles of Law as a Source of International Law in the Twentieth Century|188
3|2 The Miserable Fate of General Principles of Law as a Source of International Law|192
3|3 The Expansionist Potential of General Principles of Law as a Source of International Law|194
3|4 General Principles of Law Oscillating Between Law-Ascertainment and Content-Determination|198
3|5 Concluding Remarks: The Myths and Histories Around General Principles of Law|203
3|References|204
2|General International Law: A New Source of International Law?|208
3|1 Introduction|208
3|2 Categorization of GIL as One of the “Classical” Sources?|212
4|2.1 Treaties|212
4|2.2 General Principles of Law|215
4|2.3 Customary Law|218
3|3 Conclusions|224
3|References|225
2|Conflicts Between State-Centred and Human-Centred International Norms|228
3|1 Introduction|229
3|2 The Concepts of State-Centred and Human-Centred Norms in International Law|230
3|3 The Relationship Between Fundamental Values and Human-Centred Norms in International Law|231
3|4 Human-Centred Norms v. State-Centred Norms in International Law: The Terms of a Difficult Relationship|232
4|4.1 International Law: A Value Oriented Legal System Despite the Lack of a Formal Organisation?|232
4|4.2 General Principles and Jus Cogens: The Channels of Communication Between the Structure of International Law and Fundamental Values|235
3|5 The Conflict Between State-Centred and Human-Centred Norms Through the Prism of the Italian Case-Law on Foreign Immunity|237
3|6 The Inapplicability of the Hierarchical Method for Solving Conflicts of Norms in General International Law|238
3|7 Concluding Remarks: The Possible Developments of Fundamental Values in International Law|242
3|References|243
1|Part III: New Goals for Humanity in the UN Sustainable Development Agenda|246
2|Global Justice, Equality and Social Inclusion: What Kind of “Modernization” of International Law?|247
3|1 Introduction|247
3|2 Modernization and Its Pitfalls|249
3|3 Individualism and Social Justice|253
3|4 A Way Forward|254
3|References|259
2|Still Three Different Status for Aliens, Citizens and Human Persons?|261
3|1 Opening Remarks|261
3|2 The “Light” Side of Nationality: Nationality as an Individual Right or a Basis for Enjoying Fundamental Rights|263
4|2.1 Nationality as a Legal Status: The Shift from Nationality to Residence|265
3|3 The “Dark” Side of Nationality|268
4|3.1 Using Nationality as a Means for Discriminating Against Categories of Aliens: The “Muslim Ban”|268
4|3.2 “Legal Nationalism” and Treatment of Immigrants: Insights from the X and X v. État belge Case|271
3|4 Concluding Remarks: Pleading for the Principle of Non-discrimination as an Autonomous Right|273
3|References|275
2|The Influence of Environmental Protection on the Fabric of International Law|277
3|1 Introduction|278
3|2 Protection of the Environment Through “Principles”|279
3|3 Protection of the Environment as a “Branch” of International Law|282
3|4 Protection of the Environment as a “Perspective”|285
3|5 Concluding Observations|288
3|References|288
1|Index|290