File #2318: "2018_Book_LanguageAndLaw.pdf"
Testo
1|Contents|5
1|Introduction: The Role of the Language in EU Law|7
2|1 Multilingualism in the EU as a Tool to strengthen Democracy|7
2|2 Interpretation of Multilingual Treaties|8
2|3 The Procedure for Preliminary Ruling in the EU|9
2|4 The Acte Claire Principle|10
2|5 English as a Lingua Franca: The Perspective of a Jurist Within EU Competition Law|11
1|Part I: Public and Private Enforcement of EU Law in a Cooperative Perspective|13
2|On Economic Rationale of Competition Policy|14
3|1 Introduction|14
3|2 Economic and Philosophical Theories Behind Competition Policy|17
4|2.1 Utilitarianism and Teleological Theories|17
4|2.2 Deontological Theories|19
3|3 Competition Policy and Regulation|21
4|3.1 Scope and Definition of Competition Policy|21
4|3.2 The Benefits of Competition Policy|22
3|4 Efficiency and Non-Efficiency Objectives of Competition Policy|23
4|4.1 The Efficiency Objectives in Competition Policy|24
4|4.2 Non-Efficiency Goals|28
3|5 Conclusions|29
3|References|29
2|An Overview of the Recent Application of EU and National Competition Law by the Italian Competition Authority|31
3|1 Introduction|31
3|2 The Rediscovery of Abuses of Dominant Position Through Excessive Prices|32
3|3 Bid Rigging in the Scenario of a More Centralised Approach in Public Procurements|34
3|4 Safeguarding Competition in the Era of Growth of Ultra-Broadband Network and Digital Markets|35
4|4.1 The Telecom Italia Case|35
4|4.2 The Big Data Enquiry|36
4|4.3 Removing Obstacles to the Digital and Sharing Economy|37
5|4.3.1 The Urban Transport Sector|37
5|4.3.2 Accommodation Facilities in the Hotels Sector|38
5|4.3.3 Non-Hotel Accommodation Facilities|39
3|5 Conclusion|41
3|References|42
2|The CJEU Case Law After Preliminary Ruling on Behalf of Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law|43
3|1 Introduction|44
3|2 Early CJEU Case Law: Leading Cases on Direct Effect of EU Competition Law|46
3|3 Towards the Adoption of Directive 2014/104/EU on Behalf of the Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law|52
3|4 Recent CJEU Case Law on Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law After Preliminary Rulings and Other CJEU Proceedings|59
3|5 Final Conclusions|65
3|References|67
2|The Direct Effect of EU Competition Law: From Regulation No 1/2003 to Directive 2014/104/EU|72
3|1 Introduction|73
3|2 The Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 of 16 December 2002: One More Step Further|75
3|3 The Main Contributions of the Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 26 November 2014|78
4|3.1 Evidentiary Effects of Decisions Taken by National Competition Authorities and National Courts. The ``Follow-on Actions´´|78
4|3.2 Access to Evidence|79
5|3.2.1 Documents Included in the Blacklist|80
5|3.2.2 Documents Included in the Grey List|80
5|3.2.3 Documents Included in the White List|80
3|4 Limitation Period of the Action to Claim Damages|81
3|5 Right to Compensation and Joint Liability of the Infringers Regarding the Damages Caused by Illegal Practices|82
3|6 Passing-on Defense|83
3|7 The Quantification of the Damage|84
3|8 Promotion of the Extrajudicial Solutions|85
3|9 Conclusion|86
3|References|87
2|Jurisdiction and Applicable Law in Follow-on Actions|90
3|1 Introduction|90
3|2 Choice of Court for Follow-on Claims: The Special Ground of Jurisdiction for Non-Contractual Obligations|92
3|3 Sequitur: Forum for Connected Disputes|96
3|4 Choice of Forum by the Parties|99
3|5 Choice-of-Law Issues|101
3|6 Conclusions|102
3|References|102
2|Contemporary Trends in International Law in Relation to the Protection of Individuals from Multinationals´ Malpractice: Greek ...|105
3|1 Introduction-Protection of Individuals from Multinationals´ Malpractice: Parallel Trajectories in International and EU Law|106
3|2 EU Competition Law After the Implementation of Directive 2014/104/EU: Individual Indemnification Actions Against Multination...|107
3|3 The Purpose of EU and International Competition Law: An Approach to the Roots of the Problem|107
3|4 Greek Competition Law Before the Implementation of Directive 2014/104/EU: A Historical Retrospective|108
3|5 Protection of Individuals and of Social Rights in International Law Against Multinationals´ Malpractice: The Grave Instituti...|111
3|6 Conclusion: Competition Law as a Possible Instrument of Civic Protection|113
3|References|114
2|EU Competition Law in the Aftermath of Directive 2014/14 and Its Implementation in the Republic of Croatia|116
3|1 Introduction|116
3|2 Legal Sources of Competition Law in Croatia|118
3|3 The System of Private Enforcement of Competition Rules in Croatia Before the Act on Actions for Damages for Infringements of...|119
3|4 The Croatian Act on Actions for Damages for Infringements of Competition Law|121
4|4.1 Subject Matter and Scope of the Act|121
4|4.2 Right to Full Compensation|123
4|4.3 Disclosure of Evidence|124
4|4.4 Effect of Decisions of National Competition Agency|126
4|4.5 Limitation Periods|127
4|4.6 Joint and Several Liability|128
4|4.7 Passing-on of Overcharges and Right to Full Compensation|129
4|4.8 Quantification of Harm|130
4|4.9 Consensual Settlements|130
3|5 Conclusion|131
3|References|132
2|EU Competition Law After Directive 2014/104/EU and Its Implementation in Italy|133
3|1 Private Remedies Against Infringements of EU Competition Law|133
3|2 The Role of National Judges|135
3|3 Damages Actions: The Italian Perspective Before the CJEU´s Case Law|136
3|4 The Harmonisation of Private Enforcement|137
4|4.1 The Principles of Effectiveness and Equivalence|137
4|4.2 The Right to Full Compensation|139
3|5 The Notion of Victim and the Legal Standing|142
3|6 The Notion of Defendant|144
3|7 The Disclosure of Evidence|146
4|7.1 The General Rules|146
4|7.2 Disclosure of the Evidence Contained in the File of a Competition Authority|148
3|8 The Effects of National Competition Authorities´ Decisions|149
3|9 The Passing-on Defence and the Causal Link Between the Harmful Event and the Damage|152
3|10 Consensual Settlements|154
3|11 Limitation Periods|155
3|12 Final Remarks|156
3|References|157
1|Part II: Linguistic Aspects of Drafting, Translating, Interpreting and Implementing EU Competition Law|161
2|Legal Languages in Contact: EU Legislative Drafting and Its Consequences for Judicial Interpretation|162
3|1 Introduction|162
3|2 Legislative Drafting by EU Institutions|164
4|2.1 All Equal? The de jure and de facto Status of EU Languages|164
4|2.2 Drafting or Translation? The Use of EU Legal Languages Throughout the Legislative Process|167
3|3 All Authentic? Judicial Interpretation of EU Law|171
3|4 Conclusions|174
3|References|175
2|Language and Translation in EU Competition Law: Insights from English, Greek, Italian and Spanish Versions of Legislative Texts|178
3|1 Introduction|178
3|2 The Interface of Language and Law in the EU|180
4|2.1 EU Law and the Concept of Autonomy|180
4|2.2 The Complexity of EU Legal Language|181
3|3 The Curious Case of EU Competition Law|183
3|4 Naming Concepts and Creating Terms|185
4|4.1 Creation of New Forms to Name New Concepts/Neologisms/Neoterms|186
4|4.2 Using Existing Forms|187
4|4.3 Translingual Borrowing|189
3|5 Material and Methodology|191
3|6 Analysis of English Terms and Their Greek, Spanish and Italian Translations|193
4|6.1 Term Formation in EU Competition Law: Insights from English|194
5|6.1.1 Semantic Transfer and Recontextualisation|194
5|6.1.2 Creation of New Terms to Name New Concepts|196
5|6.1.3 Translingual Borrowing|197
4|6.2 Saying (Almost) the Same Thing?|199
4|6.3 Discussion|200
3|7 Conclusion|201
3|References|201
2|A Mutual Learning Exercise in Terminology and Multilingual Law|205
3|1 Introduction: No Terminology, No Law|206
3|2 Terminology|207
4|2.1 Synonymy and Polysemy of Legal Terms|208
3|3 EU Multilingual Adjudication|211
4|3.1 Multilingualism and Cases of Doubt|211
4|3.2 National Courts and the Duty to Compare|213
3|4 Vagueness and Legal Uncertainty|215
4|4.1 Vagueness of EU Competition Law Concepts|216
3|5 Conclusion|219
3|References|220
2|Binomials in EU Competition Law|222
3|1 Introduction|222
3|2 Typology of Binomial Expressions|223
3|3 Binomials and Legal Translation|225
3|4 Corpus|227
3|5 Methodology|228
3|6 Results|229
3|7 Analysis and Discussion|232
3|8 Concluding Remarks|238
3|Binomials in EU Competition Law|239
3|References|243
2|Collocations of Terms in EU Competition Law: A Corpus Analysis of EU English Collocations|246
3|1 Introduction|246
3|2 EU English as a Supranational Variety of English|247
3|3 Why Do Collocations Matter?|251
4|3.1 What Are Collocations?|251
4|3.2 Collocations of Legal Terms|253
4|3.3 EU English and Collocations|253
3|4 Material and Method|255
3|5 Term Extraction and Identification|257
3|6 Analysis of Term-Nodes and Their Collocations|258
4|6.1 Collocational Ranges and Combinatory Potential|259
4|6.2 Derivational Productivity|259
4|6.3 International Prefixes|260
4|6.4 Latinisms|262
4|6.5 Premodification by Participles|262
4|6.6 Adjectives with Negative Connotations|263
4|6.7 Deverbal and Deadjectival Nouns|264
4|6.8 Other Grammatical Features of Terminological Nouns|265
4|6.9 Variation|265
3|7 Conclusions|267
3|References|268
2|The Glossary of EU English Competition Collocations and Terms|272
3|1 Introduction|272
3|2 The Structure of an Entry|273
3|3 The Glossary of EU English Competition Collocations and Terms|275
3|References|321
2|Phraseological Profile of Judgments: Complex Prepositions in EU Competition Law Judgments|322
3|1 Introduction|322
3|2 Research Objectives|324
3|3 Corpus Design|325
3|4 Methodology|326
3|5 Investigation Into the Phraseological Profile of CJEU Judgments at the Microstructural Level: The Case of Simple, Compound a...|326
4|5.1 Simple and Marginal Prepositions|326
4|5.2 Compound Prepositions|330
4|5.3 Complex Prepositions|332
5|5.3.1 Frequency of Complex Prepositions|332
5|5.3.2 Prepositional Patterns|340
3|6 Functions of Complex Prepositions in Competition Law Judgments|345
4|6.1 Anchoring, Particularisation|346
4|6.2 Referencing (Text Deixis)|347
4|6.3 Purpose, Goal|349
4|6.4 Time Deixis|349
4|6.5 Cause, Effect|349
4|6.6 Disagreement, Contrast|350
4|6.7 Conditional and Hypothetical Patterns|350
4|6.8 Means, Instrument|350
4|6.9 Inclusion and Exclusion|351
4|6.10 Participative Patterns|351
4|6.11 Benefit, Detriment|351
3|7 Conclusions|352
3|References|353
2|Plain English and the EU: Still Trying to Fight the Fog?|355
3|1 The Plain English Movement|355
3|2 Plain Language and the European Union|356
3|3 Has the EU Really Been Able to ``Fight the Fog´´?|359
4|3.1 Keep It Short and Simple|361
4|3.2 Make Sense: Structure Your Sentences|363
4|3.3 Cut Out Excess Nouns|364
4|3.4 Be Concrete, Not Abstract|365
4|3.5 Beware of Jargon|365
4|3.6 Avoid Here-/There- Adverbs|366
4|3.7 Avoid Latin|368
4|3.8 Prefer Active Verbs to Passive|369
4|3.9 Shall|370
3|4 Conclusion|371
3|References|372
1|Introduction: The Role of the Language in EU Law|7
2|1 Multilingualism in the EU as a Tool to strengthen Democracy|7
2|2 Interpretation of Multilingual Treaties|8
2|3 The Procedure for Preliminary Ruling in the EU|9
2|4 The Acte Claire Principle|10
2|5 English as a Lingua Franca: The Perspective of a Jurist Within EU Competition Law|11
1|Part I: Public and Private Enforcement of EU Law in a Cooperative Perspective|13
2|On Economic Rationale of Competition Policy|14
3|1 Introduction|14
3|2 Economic and Philosophical Theories Behind Competition Policy|17
4|2.1 Utilitarianism and Teleological Theories|17
4|2.2 Deontological Theories|19
3|3 Competition Policy and Regulation|21
4|3.1 Scope and Definition of Competition Policy|21
4|3.2 The Benefits of Competition Policy|22
3|4 Efficiency and Non-Efficiency Objectives of Competition Policy|23
4|4.1 The Efficiency Objectives in Competition Policy|24
4|4.2 Non-Efficiency Goals|28
3|5 Conclusions|29
3|References|29
2|An Overview of the Recent Application of EU and National Competition Law by the Italian Competition Authority|31
3|1 Introduction|31
3|2 The Rediscovery of Abuses of Dominant Position Through Excessive Prices|32
3|3 Bid Rigging in the Scenario of a More Centralised Approach in Public Procurements|34
3|4 Safeguarding Competition in the Era of Growth of Ultra-Broadband Network and Digital Markets|35
4|4.1 The Telecom Italia Case|35
4|4.2 The Big Data Enquiry|36
4|4.3 Removing Obstacles to the Digital and Sharing Economy|37
5|4.3.1 The Urban Transport Sector|37
5|4.3.2 Accommodation Facilities in the Hotels Sector|38
5|4.3.3 Non-Hotel Accommodation Facilities|39
3|5 Conclusion|41
3|References|42
2|The CJEU Case Law After Preliminary Ruling on Behalf of Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law|43
3|1 Introduction|44
3|2 Early CJEU Case Law: Leading Cases on Direct Effect of EU Competition Law|46
3|3 Towards the Adoption of Directive 2014/104/EU on Behalf of the Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law|52
3|4 Recent CJEU Case Law on Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law After Preliminary Rulings and Other CJEU Proceedings|59
3|5 Final Conclusions|65
3|References|67
2|The Direct Effect of EU Competition Law: From Regulation No 1/2003 to Directive 2014/104/EU|72
3|1 Introduction|73
3|2 The Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 of 16 December 2002: One More Step Further|75
3|3 The Main Contributions of the Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 26 November 2014|78
4|3.1 Evidentiary Effects of Decisions Taken by National Competition Authorities and National Courts. The ``Follow-on Actions´´|78
4|3.2 Access to Evidence|79
5|3.2.1 Documents Included in the Blacklist|80
5|3.2.2 Documents Included in the Grey List|80
5|3.2.3 Documents Included in the White List|80
3|4 Limitation Period of the Action to Claim Damages|81
3|5 Right to Compensation and Joint Liability of the Infringers Regarding the Damages Caused by Illegal Practices|82
3|6 Passing-on Defense|83
3|7 The Quantification of the Damage|84
3|8 Promotion of the Extrajudicial Solutions|85
3|9 Conclusion|86
3|References|87
2|Jurisdiction and Applicable Law in Follow-on Actions|90
3|1 Introduction|90
3|2 Choice of Court for Follow-on Claims: The Special Ground of Jurisdiction for Non-Contractual Obligations|92
3|3 Sequitur: Forum for Connected Disputes|96
3|4 Choice of Forum by the Parties|99
3|5 Choice-of-Law Issues|101
3|6 Conclusions|102
3|References|102
2|Contemporary Trends in International Law in Relation to the Protection of Individuals from Multinationals´ Malpractice: Greek ...|105
3|1 Introduction-Protection of Individuals from Multinationals´ Malpractice: Parallel Trajectories in International and EU Law|106
3|2 EU Competition Law After the Implementation of Directive 2014/104/EU: Individual Indemnification Actions Against Multination...|107
3|3 The Purpose of EU and International Competition Law: An Approach to the Roots of the Problem|107
3|4 Greek Competition Law Before the Implementation of Directive 2014/104/EU: A Historical Retrospective|108
3|5 Protection of Individuals and of Social Rights in International Law Against Multinationals´ Malpractice: The Grave Instituti...|111
3|6 Conclusion: Competition Law as a Possible Instrument of Civic Protection|113
3|References|114
2|EU Competition Law in the Aftermath of Directive 2014/14 and Its Implementation in the Republic of Croatia|116
3|1 Introduction|116
3|2 Legal Sources of Competition Law in Croatia|118
3|3 The System of Private Enforcement of Competition Rules in Croatia Before the Act on Actions for Damages for Infringements of...|119
3|4 The Croatian Act on Actions for Damages for Infringements of Competition Law|121
4|4.1 Subject Matter and Scope of the Act|121
4|4.2 Right to Full Compensation|123
4|4.3 Disclosure of Evidence|124
4|4.4 Effect of Decisions of National Competition Agency|126
4|4.5 Limitation Periods|127
4|4.6 Joint and Several Liability|128
4|4.7 Passing-on of Overcharges and Right to Full Compensation|129
4|4.8 Quantification of Harm|130
4|4.9 Consensual Settlements|130
3|5 Conclusion|131
3|References|132
2|EU Competition Law After Directive 2014/104/EU and Its Implementation in Italy|133
3|1 Private Remedies Against Infringements of EU Competition Law|133
3|2 The Role of National Judges|135
3|3 Damages Actions: The Italian Perspective Before the CJEU´s Case Law|136
3|4 The Harmonisation of Private Enforcement|137
4|4.1 The Principles of Effectiveness and Equivalence|137
4|4.2 The Right to Full Compensation|139
3|5 The Notion of Victim and the Legal Standing|142
3|6 The Notion of Defendant|144
3|7 The Disclosure of Evidence|146
4|7.1 The General Rules|146
4|7.2 Disclosure of the Evidence Contained in the File of a Competition Authority|148
3|8 The Effects of National Competition Authorities´ Decisions|149
3|9 The Passing-on Defence and the Causal Link Between the Harmful Event and the Damage|152
3|10 Consensual Settlements|154
3|11 Limitation Periods|155
3|12 Final Remarks|156
3|References|157
1|Part II: Linguistic Aspects of Drafting, Translating, Interpreting and Implementing EU Competition Law|161
2|Legal Languages in Contact: EU Legislative Drafting and Its Consequences for Judicial Interpretation|162
3|1 Introduction|162
3|2 Legislative Drafting by EU Institutions|164
4|2.1 All Equal? The de jure and de facto Status of EU Languages|164
4|2.2 Drafting or Translation? The Use of EU Legal Languages Throughout the Legislative Process|167
3|3 All Authentic? Judicial Interpretation of EU Law|171
3|4 Conclusions|174
3|References|175
2|Language and Translation in EU Competition Law: Insights from English, Greek, Italian and Spanish Versions of Legislative Texts|178
3|1 Introduction|178
3|2 The Interface of Language and Law in the EU|180
4|2.1 EU Law and the Concept of Autonomy|180
4|2.2 The Complexity of EU Legal Language|181
3|3 The Curious Case of EU Competition Law|183
3|4 Naming Concepts and Creating Terms|185
4|4.1 Creation of New Forms to Name New Concepts/Neologisms/Neoterms|186
4|4.2 Using Existing Forms|187
4|4.3 Translingual Borrowing|189
3|5 Material and Methodology|191
3|6 Analysis of English Terms and Their Greek, Spanish and Italian Translations|193
4|6.1 Term Formation in EU Competition Law: Insights from English|194
5|6.1.1 Semantic Transfer and Recontextualisation|194
5|6.1.2 Creation of New Terms to Name New Concepts|196
5|6.1.3 Translingual Borrowing|197
4|6.2 Saying (Almost) the Same Thing?|199
4|6.3 Discussion|200
3|7 Conclusion|201
3|References|201
2|A Mutual Learning Exercise in Terminology and Multilingual Law|205
3|1 Introduction: No Terminology, No Law|206
3|2 Terminology|207
4|2.1 Synonymy and Polysemy of Legal Terms|208
3|3 EU Multilingual Adjudication|211
4|3.1 Multilingualism and Cases of Doubt|211
4|3.2 National Courts and the Duty to Compare|213
3|4 Vagueness and Legal Uncertainty|215
4|4.1 Vagueness of EU Competition Law Concepts|216
3|5 Conclusion|219
3|References|220
2|Binomials in EU Competition Law|222
3|1 Introduction|222
3|2 Typology of Binomial Expressions|223
3|3 Binomials and Legal Translation|225
3|4 Corpus|227
3|5 Methodology|228
3|6 Results|229
3|7 Analysis and Discussion|232
3|8 Concluding Remarks|238
3|Binomials in EU Competition Law|239
3|References|243
2|Collocations of Terms in EU Competition Law: A Corpus Analysis of EU English Collocations|246
3|1 Introduction|246
3|2 EU English as a Supranational Variety of English|247
3|3 Why Do Collocations Matter?|251
4|3.1 What Are Collocations?|251
4|3.2 Collocations of Legal Terms|253
4|3.3 EU English and Collocations|253
3|4 Material and Method|255
3|5 Term Extraction and Identification|257
3|6 Analysis of Term-Nodes and Their Collocations|258
4|6.1 Collocational Ranges and Combinatory Potential|259
4|6.2 Derivational Productivity|259
4|6.3 International Prefixes|260
4|6.4 Latinisms|262
4|6.5 Premodification by Participles|262
4|6.6 Adjectives with Negative Connotations|263
4|6.7 Deverbal and Deadjectival Nouns|264
4|6.8 Other Grammatical Features of Terminological Nouns|265
4|6.9 Variation|265
3|7 Conclusions|267
3|References|268
2|The Glossary of EU English Competition Collocations and Terms|272
3|1 Introduction|272
3|2 The Structure of an Entry|273
3|3 The Glossary of EU English Competition Collocations and Terms|275
3|References|321
2|Phraseological Profile of Judgments: Complex Prepositions in EU Competition Law Judgments|322
3|1 Introduction|322
3|2 Research Objectives|324
3|3 Corpus Design|325
3|4 Methodology|326
3|5 Investigation Into the Phraseological Profile of CJEU Judgments at the Microstructural Level: The Case of Simple, Compound a...|326
4|5.1 Simple and Marginal Prepositions|326
4|5.2 Compound Prepositions|330
4|5.3 Complex Prepositions|332
5|5.3.1 Frequency of Complex Prepositions|332
5|5.3.2 Prepositional Patterns|340
3|6 Functions of Complex Prepositions in Competition Law Judgments|345
4|6.1 Anchoring, Particularisation|346
4|6.2 Referencing (Text Deixis)|347
4|6.3 Purpose, Goal|349
4|6.4 Time Deixis|349
4|6.5 Cause, Effect|349
4|6.6 Disagreement, Contrast|350
4|6.7 Conditional and Hypothetical Patterns|350
4|6.8 Means, Instrument|350
4|6.9 Inclusion and Exclusion|351
4|6.10 Participative Patterns|351
4|6.11 Benefit, Detriment|351
3|7 Conclusions|352
3|References|353
2|Plain English and the EU: Still Trying to Fight the Fog?|355
3|1 The Plain English Movement|355
3|2 Plain Language and the European Union|356
3|3 Has the EU Really Been Able to ``Fight the Fog´´?|359
4|3.1 Keep It Short and Simple|361
4|3.2 Make Sense: Structure Your Sentences|363
4|3.3 Cut Out Excess Nouns|364
4|3.4 Be Concrete, Not Abstract|365
4|3.5 Beware of Jargon|365
4|3.6 Avoid Here-/There- Adverbs|366
4|3.7 Avoid Latin|368
4|3.8 Prefer Active Verbs to Passive|369
4|3.9 Shall|370
3|4 Conclusion|371
3|References|372