File #2316: "2018_Book_IntellectualPropertyAndCleanEn.pdf"
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1|Contents|5
1|Contributors|8
1|Acknowledgements|10
1|Preface|12
2|The People’s Climate March, Flood Wall Street and the New York Climate Summit|12
1|1 Introduction: The Road to Paris: Intellectual Property, Human Rights, and Climate Justice|16
2|Abstract|16
2|1 Introduction|16
2|2 The Paris Agreement 2015|18
2|3 Climate Justice|27
2|4 Intellectual Property|32
2|5 Chapter Outline|37
2|References|39
2|International Agreements and Treaties|44
1|International Law|46
1|2 The Paris Agreement: Intellectual Property, Technology Transfer, and Climate Change|47
2|Abstract|47
2|1 Introduction|48
2|2 Climate Finance|51
2|3 Green Climate Fund|53
2|4 Intellectual Property Mechanism|55
2|5 Open Innovation|59
2|6 Public Goods|62
2|7 Intellectual Property Promotion and Enforcement|63
2|8 No Text|67
2|9 The Paris Agreement 2015 and Technology Transfer|71
2|10 Conclusion|75
2|References|76
2|International Agreements and Treaties|80
2|International Materials|81
1|3 Transparency in Climate Finance After Paris: Towards a More Effective Climate Governance Framework|82
2|Abstract|82
2|1 Introduction|82
2|2 Climate Governance and Climate Finance|86
3|2.1 The Language and Study of Climate Governance|86
3|2.2 Defining Climate Finance|87
3|2.3 The Evolution of Climate Finance Under the UNFCCC|90
2|3 Transparency, Finance and the UNFCCC|92
3|3.1 Conceptualizing Transparency in Climate Finance|92
3|3.2 The MRV Requirements|94
2|4 Transparency After Paris|96
3|4.1 A New Focus on Climate Finance and Transparency|96
3|4.2 A Separation Between Law and Procedure|97
3|4.3 Article 9.5 Requirements|100
2|5 Conclusion|101
2|References|102
2|Books, Dissertations and Book Chapters|102
2|Conference Papers|103
2|Journal Articles and References|103
2|International Treaties|105
1|4 The Paris Agreement: Development, the North-South Divide and Human Rights|106
2|Abstract|106
2|1 Introduction|106
2|2 The Divide Between Developed and Developing States|108
2|3 Differential Treatment in the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol|110
2|4 The Emergence of Human Rights as a New Battleground for Debates Between Developed and Developing States|111
3|4.1 Developing and Developed State Perspectives on Human Rights|114
2|5 Differential Treatment and Human Rights in the Paris Agreement|116
3|5.1 The Principle of CBDR in the Paris Agreement|117
3|5.2 Recognition of Human Rights in the Paris Agreement|119
2|6 Conclusion|122
2|References|123
2|Books and Chapters|123
2|Journal Articles|123
2|Treaties, Declarations and COP Decisions|124
2|Reports and Other Sources|125
1|5 Climate Change and Human Rights: Intellectual Property Challenges and Opportunities|127
2|Abstract|127
2|1 Introduction|127
3|1.1 Global Warming: A Planet in Crisis|127
3|1.2 Climate Change as a Profound Challenge to Human Rights|129
3|1.3 Human Rights Approaches: A New Strategy for Solving the Climate Crisis|129
2|2 Climate Change and Human Rights|130
3|2.1 The Right to Life|132
3|2.2 The Right to Health|133
3|2.3 The Rights to Water and Sanitation|135
3|2.4 The Right to Food|137
2|3 Climate Change and Intellectual Property|138
3|3.1 Defining Technology Transfer|138
3|3.2 Technology Transfer Obligations Under UNFCCC|139
3|3.3 The Paris Agreement|142
3|3.4 The International Intellectual Property Law Regime|143
2|4 A Human Rights Approach to Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property|145
3|4.1 ESTs for Human Rights|145
3|4.2 A Human Right to Technology Transfer?|146
3|4.3 Addressing Intellectual Property Impediments|148
4|4.3.1 A Doha-Style Declaration for TRIPS, Climate Change, and Technology Transfer|148
4|4.3.2 Compulsory Licensing|150
4|4.3.3 Patent Pools|151
4|4.3.4 Climate Impact Fund|153
4|4.3.5 A Multi-pronged Approach, Recognizing Multiple Perspectives|154
2|5 Conclusions|154
2|References|155
2|Books and Book Chapters|155
2|Journal Articles|156
2|Conference and Research Papers|156
2|News and Opinion Articles|157
2|Websites|157
2|International Instruments|157
2|International Treaty Body Documents|158
2|Regional Instruments|159
2|Cases|159
2|Reports|159
1|Patent Law|161
1|6 Intergenerational Justice: A Framework for Addressing Intellectual Property Rights and Climate Change|162
2|Abstract|162
2|1 Introduction|162
2|2 Intergenerational Justice|165
3|2.1 Who is Responsible for Technology Development and IPRs Reform?|167
3|2.2 A Special Responsibility on the Shoulders of Current Generations?|168
2|3 The Global Intellectual Property Rights System|169
3|3.1 Intellectual Property Rights—Problem or Solution to Climate Change Mitigation?|169
3|3.2 Role and Rationale of Intellectual Property Rights Applied to Climate Change Mitigation|171
4|3.2.1 The Intellectual Property Rights Framework and How It Functions|171
4|3.2.2 Why We Protect Intellectual Property, and How This Relates to Climate Change Mitigation|176
2|4 Intellectual Property Rights in the Climate Change Regime|180
2|5 Conclusion|182
2|References|183
2|Books and Chapters|183
2|Journal Articles|184
2|Case Law|185
2|International Agreements and Treaties|185
2|International Materials|186
2|International Disputes|186
1|7 Management of Intellectual Property in Australia’s Clean Technology Sector: Challenges and Opportunities in an Uncertain Regulatory Environment|187
2|Abstract|187
2|1 Introduction|187
2|2 Intellectual Property Management|188
2|3 Developing the IP Management Plan|190
3|3.1 Define the Invention|190
3|3.2 How to Best Protect the Invention|191
3|3.3 Financing the Commercialisation of the Invention|191
3|3.4 Ownership of the Invention|192
3|3.5 Is Third-Party Technology or Resourcing Required for the Invention to ‘Work’|193
3|3.6 What Is the Pathway to Market|194
3|3.7 Litigation: What Are the Risks?|195
3|3.8 IP Management—Key Principles|197
2|4 Commercialisation and Management of Intellectual Property in Australia|198
3|4.1 The Role of the Australian University and Public-Sector Commercialisation|200
3|4.2 National Laboratories|202
3|4.3 Public Private Partnerships|203
2|5 Survey of Alternative, Contemporary IP Management Models|204
3|5.1 Patent Pools|205
3|5.2 Patent Fast-Tracks|206
3|5.3 New and Emerging Approaches—Commons, Open-Source, Philanthropy|207
3|5.4 Approach of Multi-lateral Institutions and Developing United Nations Frameworks|209
2|6 Conclusion|212
2|References|213
2|Books and Book Chapters|213
2|Journal Articles|213
2|Reports|214
2|International Agreements and Treaties|214
2|Legislation|215
2|Cases|215
2|Websites|215
1|8 Intellectual Property, Climate Change and Technology Transfer in South Asia|217
2|Abstract|217
2|1 Introduction|217
2|2 Climate Change and Technology Transfer|220
2|3 Importance of Clean Technology Transfer to South Asia to Address Climate Change|221
2|4 Addressing Technology Transfer Through International Agreements|222
2|5 Do IPRs Enhance or Impede Technology Transfer to South Asian Countries?|226
2|6 Importance of Using of Voluntary and Compulsory Licensing at National Levels to Promote Transfer of Climate-Related Technologies to South Asian Countries|229
2|7 Can Parallel Importation Be a Solution to Technology Transfer?|232
2|8 Is the Use of Patent Pooling an Option for Developing Countries in South Asia?|233
2|9 Is the Use of Patent Clearinghouses Effective for South Asia?|235
2|10 Why Flexibilities Under TRIPS Is Underused by South Asian Countries|236
2|11 Conclusion|238
2|References|239
2|International Materials|243
1|9 Intellectual Ventures: Patent Law, Climate Change, and Geoengineering|245
2|Abstract|245
2|1 Introduction|246
2|2 Patent Litigation and Intellectual Ventures|248
3|2.1 Public Research|249
3|2.2 Private Ventures|251
2|3 Patentable Subject Matter and Geoengineering|255
2|4 Patent Law Reform, Climate Change, and Geoengineering|263
2|5 International Law and the Global Governance of Geoengineering|270
2|6 Conclusion|275
2|References|276
2|Litigation|280
2|Legislation|281
2|International Agreements and Treaties|281
1|Trademark Law and Related Rights|282
1|10 Trademark Goodwill and Green Global Value Networks|283
2|Abstract|283
2|1 Introduction|284
2|2 Brands as Information Platforms in Regulatory Governance|286
2|3 Brand Citizenship|289
2|4 The Regulatory Governance Ideal: Brand Citizenship Within Cognitive Capitalism|292
2|5 The Regulatory Governance Reality: Missing Puzzle Pieces|293
2|6 Trademark Goodwill in an Age of Out-Sourcing|295
2|7 Certification and Sustainability Standards|297
2|8 Greenwashing in Governance Dialogue|298
2|9 Connecting Trademark Goodwill to Sustainability Governance|300
2|10 Conclusion|303
2|References|303
2|Trademark Registrations|306
2|Litigation|306
2|Legislation|306
2|International Treaties|307
1|11 This Ain’t Your Daddy’s Greenwashing: An Assessment of the American Petroleum Institute’s Power Past Impossible Campaign|308
2|Abstract|308
2|1 Introduction|309
2|2 The United States and the Paris Agreement|310
3|2.1 The Obama Administration|310
3|2.2 The Trump Administration|311
2|3 The American Petroleum Institute|312
3|3.1 API’s Advertising Campaigns|312
3|3.2 The API’s Power Past Impossible Campaign|313
2|4 Greenwashing|316
3|4.1 Is the API Greenwashing?|318
3|4.2 FTC’s Greenwashing Sanctions|321
3|4.3 Are the Ads Working?|323
2|5 Conclusion|325
2|References|325
2|International Agreements and Treaties|328
1|12 The Power of Visual Appeal: Designs Law and Clean Energy|329
2|Abstract|329
2|1 Introduction|329
2|2 The Relevance and Scope of Designs Law|330
2|3 Visual Appeal and Clean Energy Products|331
2|4 The Effectiveness of the Law|335
3|4.1 Utilisation of Design Protection|335
3|4.2 Registration of Rights|336
3|4.3 The Grace Period|339
2|5 Defences and Licences|340
2|6 Conclusion|344
2|References|345
2|Case Law|346
2|Legislation|346
2|International Treaties|346
1|13 Key Change: The Role of the Creative Industries in Climate Change Action|347
2|Abstract|347
2|1 Introduction|348
2|2 Culture, Art and Social Change|348
3|2.1 Culture, Art and Change|349
3|2.2 Culture, Art and Environment|351
3|2.3 Climate Change as a Cultural Issue|352
3|2.4 Historical Role of Arts in Social Movements|353
2|3 The Roles Artists Can Play in Climate Action|355
3|3.1 Raising Awareness, Drawing Attention, and ‘Educating’ Audiences|356
3|3.2 Framing and Priming|359
3|3.3 Identity Formation|361
3|3.4 Prefiguring New Worlds and Modelling Behaviour|363
3|3.5 Shaping Culture|366
2|4 Dangers, Risks and Pitfalls|369
3|4.1 Risks Surrounding the Messenger|369
3|4.2 Risks Surrounding the Message|371
3|4.3 Risks Surrounding the Process|373
2|5 Conclusion and Lessons|376
2|References|377
2|Interviews|377
2|Bibliography|377
1|Privacy and Trade Secrets|379
1|14 Environmental Sousveillance, Citizen Science and Smart Grids|380
2|Abstract|380
2|1 Introduction|380
2|2 Towards Climate Justice|382
2|3 Distributed Smartness|384
2|4 Environmental Smartness|387
2|5 Environmental Sousveillance for Open Justice|390
2|6 Whose Smart City?|394
2|7 Smart Grids as Machines for Seeing|396
2|8 Conclusion: Power and an Ethic of Responsibility|399
2|References|399
2|Case Law|403
2|International Agreements and Treaties|403
1|15 Protecting and Promoting Clean Energy Innovation Through the Trade Secrets Regime: Issues and Implications|404
2|Abstract|404
2|1 Introduction|405
2|2 Clean Energy Innovation and Trade Secrets|406
2|3 The ‘Stealing Arms Race’|410
2|4 International Legal Framework|414
3|4.1 Towards More Robust Laws|416
3|4.2 Implications of Protection|418
4|4.2.1 Knowledge Diffusion, Follow-on Innovation and Hidden Environmental Costs|418
4|4.2.2 Technology Transfer and Developing Countries|420
2|5 Conclusion|424
2|References|425
2|Books and Chapters|425
2|Journal Articles|426
2|Other Internet Sources|426
2|Litigation|428
2|Legislation|428
2|International Agreements and Treaties|428
1|Open Innovation|430
1|16 Energy Democracy, Renewables and the Paris Agreement|431
2|Abstract|431
2|1 Introduction|432
2|2 Energy Democracy Initiatives|432
2|3 International Law Instruments and Renewables|434
3|3.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|435
3|3.2 International Transfer of Renewable Technology|437
3|3.3 The Paris Agreement|438
3|3.4 Summary|440
2|4 Other International Law Instruments|441
3|4.1 Energy Charter Treaty|441
3|4.2 World Trade Organization|442
3|4.3 Summary|445
2|5 Other Initiatives|446
3|5.1 International Solar Alliance|446
3|5.2 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)|446
3|5.3 REEEP|447
3|5.4 Summary|447
2|6 Conclusion|448
2|References|449
2|International Agreements and Treaties|451
1|17 Climate Change and Open Data: An Information Environmentalism Perspective|452
2|Abstract|452
2|1 Introduction|452
2|2 The Four Analytical Frameworks of Information Environmentalism|453
3|2.1 Welfare Economics|454
3|2.2 The Commons|456
3|2.3 Ecology|458
4|2.3.1 Methodological Interrelationalism|459
4|2.3.2 Diversity and Resilience|459
3|2.4 Public Choice Theory|460
4|2.4.1 Separation of Economic Power Doctrine|461
2|3 Information Commons|463
3|3.1 Social Production and Information Commons|463
3|3.2 Informational National Parks|464
3|3.3 Information Commons Rights|466
3|3.4 Public Trust Doctrine|467
2|4 Climate Change and Open Data Governance Principles|469
2|5 Conclusion|470
2|References|471
2|Books and Chapters|471
2|Journal Articles|473
2|Case Law|474
2|Legislation|475
1|18 Open Government Data in an Age of Growing Hostility Towards Science|476
2|Abstract|476
2|1 Introduction|477
2|2 Open Government Data and Its Antecedents|479
2|3 The Evolution of Earth Observation Data|482
2|4 A Tradition of Bipartisan Support|488
2|5 Rolling Back Progress|493
2|6 Developing Open Government Data Resiliency|505
2|7 Conclusion|509
2|Bibliography|510
2|Case Law|516
2|Legislation|516
2|International Treaties|517
1|19 Elon Musk’s Open Innovation: Tesla, Intellectual Property, and Climate Change|518
2|Abstract|518
2|1 Introduction|518
2|2 Tesla’s Changing Philosophy in Patent Law|522
2|3 An Open Source Philosophy|528
2|4 Technology Leadership|531
2|5 Patent Pledges and Open Source Licensing|536
2|6 Sustainable Transportation, Clean Technology, and Climate Change|540
3|6.1 Sustainable Transportation|540
3|6.2 Supercharger Network|542
3|6.3 Gigafactory|543
3|6.4 SolarCity|543
3|6.5 The Big Battery in South Australia|546
2|7 Conclusion|546
2|References|548
2|Litigation|553
2|Patent Applications|553
2|International Agreements and Treaties|554
1|Plant Breeders’ Rights, Food Security, Access to Genetic Resources, and Indigenous Knowledge|555
1|20 Path-Breaking or History-Repeating? Analysing the Paris Agreement’s Research and Development Paradigm for Climate-Smart Agriculture|556
2|Abstract|556
2|1 Introduction|556
2|2 Food Insecurity, Climate Justice and Climate-Smart Agriculture|558
2|3 Lock-In Effects Within the Intensive Agricultural Paradigm|561
3|3.1 Socio-technical Regimes|561
3|3.2 Intensive Agriculture as a Socio-technical Regime|563
2|4 Contending Paradigms for Transitoning to Climate-Smart Agriculture|566
3|4.1 Life-Sciences Integrated Paradigm|566
3|4.2 Ecological-Integrated Paradigm|571
3|4.3 Agricultural Research and Development Trends Lock-In Mechanism Intensive Agriculture Trajectory|573
2|5 Agricultural Research and Development Trajectories Under the Paris Agreement|575
2|6 Conclusion|578
2|References|578
2|International Agreements and Treaties|585
1|21 Conserving Genetic Resources, Access and Benefit-Sharing, Intellectual Property and Climate Change|586
2|Abstract|586
2|1 Introduction|586
2|2 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity|588
2|3 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture|595
2|4 World Health Organization International Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework|600
2|5 Access and Benefit Sharing Models|604
2|6 Conclusions|611
2|References|613
2|Books and Journals|613
2|International Materials|614
2|International Agreements and Treaties|615
1|22 Benefit Sharing Under the REDD+ Mechanism: Implications for Women|616
2|Abstract|616
2|1 Introduction|616
2|2 The Emergence of REDD+ : Implications for Women|617
2|3 What Is a REDD+ Benefit?|621
2|4 Elite Capture and Corruption in the Forestry Sector|624
2|5 Links Between Land Tenure and Benefit Sharing|627
2|6 Improving Women’s Rights to Benefit Sharing: Property and Participation Rights|629
3|6.1 Property Rights|629
3|6.2 Participation Rights|631
3|6.3 Impact of Participation Rights|633
2|7 The Way Forward|634
2|8 Conclusion|635
2|References|636
2|Books and Chapters|636
2|Journal Articles|637
2|Reports and Other Sources|638
2|Treaties, Declarations and COP Decisions|639
1|23 Northern Exposure: Alaska, Climate Change, Indigenous Rights, and Atmospheric Trust Litigation|640
2|Abstract|640
2|1 Introduction|640
2|2 The Theoretical Framework Behind Climate Litigation|642
3|2.1 Atmospheric Trust Litigation|643
3|2.2 Climate Litigation as Regulation|646
3|2.3 The Right to a Healthy Environment|647
3|2.4 Human Rights|648
3|2.5 Climate Litigation|650
2|3 Nelson Kanuk v. State of Alaska|653
3|3.1 The Superior Court of Alaska|655
3|3.2 Appellants|658
3|3.3 Amicus Curiae Briefs|659
3|3.4 The State of Alaska|661
3|3.5 Decision|663
3|3.6 Responses to the Decision|665
2|4 Petition 2017 and Esau Sinnok v. the State of Alaska|666
3|4.1 The Petition|667
3|4.2 Esau Sinnok v the State of Alaska|670
3|4.3 Federal Discussion of Climate Change and Alaska|672
2|5 The Paris Agreement and Beyond|675
2|6 Conclusion|679
2|References|680
2|Litigation|685
2|Submissions|686
2|Legislation|686
2|International Agreements and Treaties|686
1|Contributors|8
1|Acknowledgements|10
1|Preface|12
2|The People’s Climate March, Flood Wall Street and the New York Climate Summit|12
1|1 Introduction: The Road to Paris: Intellectual Property, Human Rights, and Climate Justice|16
2|Abstract|16
2|1 Introduction|16
2|2 The Paris Agreement 2015|18
2|3 Climate Justice|27
2|4 Intellectual Property|32
2|5 Chapter Outline|37
2|References|39
2|International Agreements and Treaties|44
1|International Law|46
1|2 The Paris Agreement: Intellectual Property, Technology Transfer, and Climate Change|47
2|Abstract|47
2|1 Introduction|48
2|2 Climate Finance|51
2|3 Green Climate Fund|53
2|4 Intellectual Property Mechanism|55
2|5 Open Innovation|59
2|6 Public Goods|62
2|7 Intellectual Property Promotion and Enforcement|63
2|8 No Text|67
2|9 The Paris Agreement 2015 and Technology Transfer|71
2|10 Conclusion|75
2|References|76
2|International Agreements and Treaties|80
2|International Materials|81
1|3 Transparency in Climate Finance After Paris: Towards a More Effective Climate Governance Framework|82
2|Abstract|82
2|1 Introduction|82
2|2 Climate Governance and Climate Finance|86
3|2.1 The Language and Study of Climate Governance|86
3|2.2 Defining Climate Finance|87
3|2.3 The Evolution of Climate Finance Under the UNFCCC|90
2|3 Transparency, Finance and the UNFCCC|92
3|3.1 Conceptualizing Transparency in Climate Finance|92
3|3.2 The MRV Requirements|94
2|4 Transparency After Paris|96
3|4.1 A New Focus on Climate Finance and Transparency|96
3|4.2 A Separation Between Law and Procedure|97
3|4.3 Article 9.5 Requirements|100
2|5 Conclusion|101
2|References|102
2|Books, Dissertations and Book Chapters|102
2|Conference Papers|103
2|Journal Articles and References|103
2|International Treaties|105
1|4 The Paris Agreement: Development, the North-South Divide and Human Rights|106
2|Abstract|106
2|1 Introduction|106
2|2 The Divide Between Developed and Developing States|108
2|3 Differential Treatment in the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol|110
2|4 The Emergence of Human Rights as a New Battleground for Debates Between Developed and Developing States|111
3|4.1 Developing and Developed State Perspectives on Human Rights|114
2|5 Differential Treatment and Human Rights in the Paris Agreement|116
3|5.1 The Principle of CBDR in the Paris Agreement|117
3|5.2 Recognition of Human Rights in the Paris Agreement|119
2|6 Conclusion|122
2|References|123
2|Books and Chapters|123
2|Journal Articles|123
2|Treaties, Declarations and COP Decisions|124
2|Reports and Other Sources|125
1|5 Climate Change and Human Rights: Intellectual Property Challenges and Opportunities|127
2|Abstract|127
2|1 Introduction|127
3|1.1 Global Warming: A Planet in Crisis|127
3|1.2 Climate Change as a Profound Challenge to Human Rights|129
3|1.3 Human Rights Approaches: A New Strategy for Solving the Climate Crisis|129
2|2 Climate Change and Human Rights|130
3|2.1 The Right to Life|132
3|2.2 The Right to Health|133
3|2.3 The Rights to Water and Sanitation|135
3|2.4 The Right to Food|137
2|3 Climate Change and Intellectual Property|138
3|3.1 Defining Technology Transfer|138
3|3.2 Technology Transfer Obligations Under UNFCCC|139
3|3.3 The Paris Agreement|142
3|3.4 The International Intellectual Property Law Regime|143
2|4 A Human Rights Approach to Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property|145
3|4.1 ESTs for Human Rights|145
3|4.2 A Human Right to Technology Transfer?|146
3|4.3 Addressing Intellectual Property Impediments|148
4|4.3.1 A Doha-Style Declaration for TRIPS, Climate Change, and Technology Transfer|148
4|4.3.2 Compulsory Licensing|150
4|4.3.3 Patent Pools|151
4|4.3.4 Climate Impact Fund|153
4|4.3.5 A Multi-pronged Approach, Recognizing Multiple Perspectives|154
2|5 Conclusions|154
2|References|155
2|Books and Book Chapters|155
2|Journal Articles|156
2|Conference and Research Papers|156
2|News and Opinion Articles|157
2|Websites|157
2|International Instruments|157
2|International Treaty Body Documents|158
2|Regional Instruments|159
2|Cases|159
2|Reports|159
1|Patent Law|161
1|6 Intergenerational Justice: A Framework for Addressing Intellectual Property Rights and Climate Change|162
2|Abstract|162
2|1 Introduction|162
2|2 Intergenerational Justice|165
3|2.1 Who is Responsible for Technology Development and IPRs Reform?|167
3|2.2 A Special Responsibility on the Shoulders of Current Generations?|168
2|3 The Global Intellectual Property Rights System|169
3|3.1 Intellectual Property Rights—Problem or Solution to Climate Change Mitigation?|169
3|3.2 Role and Rationale of Intellectual Property Rights Applied to Climate Change Mitigation|171
4|3.2.1 The Intellectual Property Rights Framework and How It Functions|171
4|3.2.2 Why We Protect Intellectual Property, and How This Relates to Climate Change Mitigation|176
2|4 Intellectual Property Rights in the Climate Change Regime|180
2|5 Conclusion|182
2|References|183
2|Books and Chapters|183
2|Journal Articles|184
2|Case Law|185
2|International Agreements and Treaties|185
2|International Materials|186
2|International Disputes|186
1|7 Management of Intellectual Property in Australia’s Clean Technology Sector: Challenges and Opportunities in an Uncertain Regulatory Environment|187
2|Abstract|187
2|1 Introduction|187
2|2 Intellectual Property Management|188
2|3 Developing the IP Management Plan|190
3|3.1 Define the Invention|190
3|3.2 How to Best Protect the Invention|191
3|3.3 Financing the Commercialisation of the Invention|191
3|3.4 Ownership of the Invention|192
3|3.5 Is Third-Party Technology or Resourcing Required for the Invention to ‘Work’|193
3|3.6 What Is the Pathway to Market|194
3|3.7 Litigation: What Are the Risks?|195
3|3.8 IP Management—Key Principles|197
2|4 Commercialisation and Management of Intellectual Property in Australia|198
3|4.1 The Role of the Australian University and Public-Sector Commercialisation|200
3|4.2 National Laboratories|202
3|4.3 Public Private Partnerships|203
2|5 Survey of Alternative, Contemporary IP Management Models|204
3|5.1 Patent Pools|205
3|5.2 Patent Fast-Tracks|206
3|5.3 New and Emerging Approaches—Commons, Open-Source, Philanthropy|207
3|5.4 Approach of Multi-lateral Institutions and Developing United Nations Frameworks|209
2|6 Conclusion|212
2|References|213
2|Books and Book Chapters|213
2|Journal Articles|213
2|Reports|214
2|International Agreements and Treaties|214
2|Legislation|215
2|Cases|215
2|Websites|215
1|8 Intellectual Property, Climate Change and Technology Transfer in South Asia|217
2|Abstract|217
2|1 Introduction|217
2|2 Climate Change and Technology Transfer|220
2|3 Importance of Clean Technology Transfer to South Asia to Address Climate Change|221
2|4 Addressing Technology Transfer Through International Agreements|222
2|5 Do IPRs Enhance or Impede Technology Transfer to South Asian Countries?|226
2|6 Importance of Using of Voluntary and Compulsory Licensing at National Levels to Promote Transfer of Climate-Related Technologies to South Asian Countries|229
2|7 Can Parallel Importation Be a Solution to Technology Transfer?|232
2|8 Is the Use of Patent Pooling an Option for Developing Countries in South Asia?|233
2|9 Is the Use of Patent Clearinghouses Effective for South Asia?|235
2|10 Why Flexibilities Under TRIPS Is Underused by South Asian Countries|236
2|11 Conclusion|238
2|References|239
2|International Materials|243
1|9 Intellectual Ventures: Patent Law, Climate Change, and Geoengineering|245
2|Abstract|245
2|1 Introduction|246
2|2 Patent Litigation and Intellectual Ventures|248
3|2.1 Public Research|249
3|2.2 Private Ventures|251
2|3 Patentable Subject Matter and Geoengineering|255
2|4 Patent Law Reform, Climate Change, and Geoengineering|263
2|5 International Law and the Global Governance of Geoengineering|270
2|6 Conclusion|275
2|References|276
2|Litigation|280
2|Legislation|281
2|International Agreements and Treaties|281
1|Trademark Law and Related Rights|282
1|10 Trademark Goodwill and Green Global Value Networks|283
2|Abstract|283
2|1 Introduction|284
2|2 Brands as Information Platforms in Regulatory Governance|286
2|3 Brand Citizenship|289
2|4 The Regulatory Governance Ideal: Brand Citizenship Within Cognitive Capitalism|292
2|5 The Regulatory Governance Reality: Missing Puzzle Pieces|293
2|6 Trademark Goodwill in an Age of Out-Sourcing|295
2|7 Certification and Sustainability Standards|297
2|8 Greenwashing in Governance Dialogue|298
2|9 Connecting Trademark Goodwill to Sustainability Governance|300
2|10 Conclusion|303
2|References|303
2|Trademark Registrations|306
2|Litigation|306
2|Legislation|306
2|International Treaties|307
1|11 This Ain’t Your Daddy’s Greenwashing: An Assessment of the American Petroleum Institute’s Power Past Impossible Campaign|308
2|Abstract|308
2|1 Introduction|309
2|2 The United States and the Paris Agreement|310
3|2.1 The Obama Administration|310
3|2.2 The Trump Administration|311
2|3 The American Petroleum Institute|312
3|3.1 API’s Advertising Campaigns|312
3|3.2 The API’s Power Past Impossible Campaign|313
2|4 Greenwashing|316
3|4.1 Is the API Greenwashing?|318
3|4.2 FTC’s Greenwashing Sanctions|321
3|4.3 Are the Ads Working?|323
2|5 Conclusion|325
2|References|325
2|International Agreements and Treaties|328
1|12 The Power of Visual Appeal: Designs Law and Clean Energy|329
2|Abstract|329
2|1 Introduction|329
2|2 The Relevance and Scope of Designs Law|330
2|3 Visual Appeal and Clean Energy Products|331
2|4 The Effectiveness of the Law|335
3|4.1 Utilisation of Design Protection|335
3|4.2 Registration of Rights|336
3|4.3 The Grace Period|339
2|5 Defences and Licences|340
2|6 Conclusion|344
2|References|345
2|Case Law|346
2|Legislation|346
2|International Treaties|346
1|13 Key Change: The Role of the Creative Industries in Climate Change Action|347
2|Abstract|347
2|1 Introduction|348
2|2 Culture, Art and Social Change|348
3|2.1 Culture, Art and Change|349
3|2.2 Culture, Art and Environment|351
3|2.3 Climate Change as a Cultural Issue|352
3|2.4 Historical Role of Arts in Social Movements|353
2|3 The Roles Artists Can Play in Climate Action|355
3|3.1 Raising Awareness, Drawing Attention, and ‘Educating’ Audiences|356
3|3.2 Framing and Priming|359
3|3.3 Identity Formation|361
3|3.4 Prefiguring New Worlds and Modelling Behaviour|363
3|3.5 Shaping Culture|366
2|4 Dangers, Risks and Pitfalls|369
3|4.1 Risks Surrounding the Messenger|369
3|4.2 Risks Surrounding the Message|371
3|4.3 Risks Surrounding the Process|373
2|5 Conclusion and Lessons|376
2|References|377
2|Interviews|377
2|Bibliography|377
1|Privacy and Trade Secrets|379
1|14 Environmental Sousveillance, Citizen Science and Smart Grids|380
2|Abstract|380
2|1 Introduction|380
2|2 Towards Climate Justice|382
2|3 Distributed Smartness|384
2|4 Environmental Smartness|387
2|5 Environmental Sousveillance for Open Justice|390
2|6 Whose Smart City?|394
2|7 Smart Grids as Machines for Seeing|396
2|8 Conclusion: Power and an Ethic of Responsibility|399
2|References|399
2|Case Law|403
2|International Agreements and Treaties|403
1|15 Protecting and Promoting Clean Energy Innovation Through the Trade Secrets Regime: Issues and Implications|404
2|Abstract|404
2|1 Introduction|405
2|2 Clean Energy Innovation and Trade Secrets|406
2|3 The ‘Stealing Arms Race’|410
2|4 International Legal Framework|414
3|4.1 Towards More Robust Laws|416
3|4.2 Implications of Protection|418
4|4.2.1 Knowledge Diffusion, Follow-on Innovation and Hidden Environmental Costs|418
4|4.2.2 Technology Transfer and Developing Countries|420
2|5 Conclusion|424
2|References|425
2|Books and Chapters|425
2|Journal Articles|426
2|Other Internet Sources|426
2|Litigation|428
2|Legislation|428
2|International Agreements and Treaties|428
1|Open Innovation|430
1|16 Energy Democracy, Renewables and the Paris Agreement|431
2|Abstract|431
2|1 Introduction|432
2|2 Energy Democracy Initiatives|432
2|3 International Law Instruments and Renewables|434
3|3.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|435
3|3.2 International Transfer of Renewable Technology|437
3|3.3 The Paris Agreement|438
3|3.4 Summary|440
2|4 Other International Law Instruments|441
3|4.1 Energy Charter Treaty|441
3|4.2 World Trade Organization|442
3|4.3 Summary|445
2|5 Other Initiatives|446
3|5.1 International Solar Alliance|446
3|5.2 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)|446
3|5.3 REEEP|447
3|5.4 Summary|447
2|6 Conclusion|448
2|References|449
2|International Agreements and Treaties|451
1|17 Climate Change and Open Data: An Information Environmentalism Perspective|452
2|Abstract|452
2|1 Introduction|452
2|2 The Four Analytical Frameworks of Information Environmentalism|453
3|2.1 Welfare Economics|454
3|2.2 The Commons|456
3|2.3 Ecology|458
4|2.3.1 Methodological Interrelationalism|459
4|2.3.2 Diversity and Resilience|459
3|2.4 Public Choice Theory|460
4|2.4.1 Separation of Economic Power Doctrine|461
2|3 Information Commons|463
3|3.1 Social Production and Information Commons|463
3|3.2 Informational National Parks|464
3|3.3 Information Commons Rights|466
3|3.4 Public Trust Doctrine|467
2|4 Climate Change and Open Data Governance Principles|469
2|5 Conclusion|470
2|References|471
2|Books and Chapters|471
2|Journal Articles|473
2|Case Law|474
2|Legislation|475
1|18 Open Government Data in an Age of Growing Hostility Towards Science|476
2|Abstract|476
2|1 Introduction|477
2|2 Open Government Data and Its Antecedents|479
2|3 The Evolution of Earth Observation Data|482
2|4 A Tradition of Bipartisan Support|488
2|5 Rolling Back Progress|493
2|6 Developing Open Government Data Resiliency|505
2|7 Conclusion|509
2|Bibliography|510
2|Case Law|516
2|Legislation|516
2|International Treaties|517
1|19 Elon Musk’s Open Innovation: Tesla, Intellectual Property, and Climate Change|518
2|Abstract|518
2|1 Introduction|518
2|2 Tesla’s Changing Philosophy in Patent Law|522
2|3 An Open Source Philosophy|528
2|4 Technology Leadership|531
2|5 Patent Pledges and Open Source Licensing|536
2|6 Sustainable Transportation, Clean Technology, and Climate Change|540
3|6.1 Sustainable Transportation|540
3|6.2 Supercharger Network|542
3|6.3 Gigafactory|543
3|6.4 SolarCity|543
3|6.5 The Big Battery in South Australia|546
2|7 Conclusion|546
2|References|548
2|Litigation|553
2|Patent Applications|553
2|International Agreements and Treaties|554
1|Plant Breeders’ Rights, Food Security, Access to Genetic Resources, and Indigenous Knowledge|555
1|20 Path-Breaking or History-Repeating? Analysing the Paris Agreement’s Research and Development Paradigm for Climate-Smart Agriculture|556
2|Abstract|556
2|1 Introduction|556
2|2 Food Insecurity, Climate Justice and Climate-Smart Agriculture|558
2|3 Lock-In Effects Within the Intensive Agricultural Paradigm|561
3|3.1 Socio-technical Regimes|561
3|3.2 Intensive Agriculture as a Socio-technical Regime|563
2|4 Contending Paradigms for Transitoning to Climate-Smart Agriculture|566
3|4.1 Life-Sciences Integrated Paradigm|566
3|4.2 Ecological-Integrated Paradigm|571
3|4.3 Agricultural Research and Development Trends Lock-In Mechanism Intensive Agriculture Trajectory|573
2|5 Agricultural Research and Development Trajectories Under the Paris Agreement|575
2|6 Conclusion|578
2|References|578
2|International Agreements and Treaties|585
1|21 Conserving Genetic Resources, Access and Benefit-Sharing, Intellectual Property and Climate Change|586
2|Abstract|586
2|1 Introduction|586
2|2 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity|588
2|3 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture|595
2|4 World Health Organization International Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework|600
2|5 Access and Benefit Sharing Models|604
2|6 Conclusions|611
2|References|613
2|Books and Journals|613
2|International Materials|614
2|International Agreements and Treaties|615
1|22 Benefit Sharing Under the REDD+ Mechanism: Implications for Women|616
2|Abstract|616
2|1 Introduction|616
2|2 The Emergence of REDD+ : Implications for Women|617
2|3 What Is a REDD+ Benefit?|621
2|4 Elite Capture and Corruption in the Forestry Sector|624
2|5 Links Between Land Tenure and Benefit Sharing|627
2|6 Improving Women’s Rights to Benefit Sharing: Property and Participation Rights|629
3|6.1 Property Rights|629
3|6.2 Participation Rights|631
3|6.3 Impact of Participation Rights|633
2|7 The Way Forward|634
2|8 Conclusion|635
2|References|636
2|Books and Chapters|636
2|Journal Articles|637
2|Reports and Other Sources|638
2|Treaties, Declarations and COP Decisions|639
1|23 Northern Exposure: Alaska, Climate Change, Indigenous Rights, and Atmospheric Trust Litigation|640
2|Abstract|640
2|1 Introduction|640
2|2 The Theoretical Framework Behind Climate Litigation|642
3|2.1 Atmospheric Trust Litigation|643
3|2.2 Climate Litigation as Regulation|646
3|2.3 The Right to a Healthy Environment|647
3|2.4 Human Rights|648
3|2.5 Climate Litigation|650
2|3 Nelson Kanuk v. State of Alaska|653
3|3.1 The Superior Court of Alaska|655
3|3.2 Appellants|658
3|3.3 Amicus Curiae Briefs|659
3|3.4 The State of Alaska|661
3|3.5 Decision|663
3|3.6 Responses to the Decision|665
2|4 Petition 2017 and Esau Sinnok v. the State of Alaska|666
3|4.1 The Petition|667
3|4.2 Esau Sinnok v the State of Alaska|670
3|4.3 Federal Discussion of Climate Change and Alaska|672
2|5 The Paris Agreement and Beyond|675
2|6 Conclusion|679
2|References|680
2|Litigation|685
2|Submissions|686
2|Legislation|686
2|International Agreements and Treaties|686